ENGINEERING PHYSICS II
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. State and explain de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves.
2. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation
3. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time dependent wave equation
4. Show that the energy of a particle in a one dimensional potential box is quantized
5. What is the physical significance of the wave function
6. What are the salient features of classical free electron theory. Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of relaxation time.
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Relaxation time
(b) Drift velocity
(c) Mean free path
(d) Mobility
8. Mention the assumptions made in quantum theory to overcome the drawbacks of free electron theory of metals
9. Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of electrons. Illustrate graphically the effect of temperature on the electron distribution
10. Explain the origin of electrical resistance in metals
11. State and explain the Bloch theorem
12. Discuss the motion of an electron moving in a periodic potential, using Kroenig Penny model
13. Explain the origin of energy bands in solids
14. Explain the classification of solids based on the energy band theory
15. Explain the concept of effective mass of an electron
16. Explain the following terms:
(a) Magnetic induction
(b) Relative permeability
(c) Magnetization
(d) Magnetic susceptibility
(e) Bring out the relationships between them
17. Explain the origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials
18. Explain in detail the classification of magnetic materials
19. Discuss with help of a neat diagram, the hysteresis loop observed in ferromagnetic materials
20. What are soft and hard magnetic materials, and compare the properties between them
21. Define superconductivity. Define the terms:
(a) Critical temperature
(b) Critical field
(c) Critical current
22. State and explain Meissner effect.
23. Explain the following properties of Superconducting materials: (a) Field penetration and (b) Perfect diamagnetism
24. Explain the BCS theory of Superconductivity
25. Discuss DC and AC Josephson effects
26. What are type I and type II superconductors, and distinguish between them
27. What are the applications of superconductors
28. Explain the following terms:
(a) Dipole moment
(b) Electric polarization
(c) Dielectric constant
(d) Polarization vector
29. Explain the following terms:
(a) Electric flux density
(b) Electric susceptibility
(c) Polarizability
(d) Electric permittivity
30. Explain the electronic polarization in atoms and derive an expression for electronic polarizability in terms of radius of an atom
31. Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array of atoms subjected to an external field
32. Explain Claussius-Mosetti relation in dielectrics subjected to static fields
33. Write short notes on ferro and piezo electricity
34. Explain ionic and orientational polarizations
35. Write short notes on intrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration
36. State and explain Hall effect, and derive an expression fo the Hall coefficient of a semi conductor
37. Explain direct and indirect band gap semiconductors
38. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for p type semiconductors
39. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for n type semiconductors
40. Discuss the frequency dependence of various polarization processes in dielectric materials
Wednesday, June 22, 2011
Saturday, June 18, 2011
Story
Story of Appreciation
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
II sem End Exams
VOCABULARY FOR 2ND SEMISTER END EXAM
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Sunday, June 12, 2011
Verbs
In English, a regular verb (EG: talk) has only two forms in the present tense; talk and talks
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Omission of Prepositions
Cases where Prepositions are omitted
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
Prepositions
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
Omission of articles..
Cases where articles should not be used
With uncountable nouns
Articles are not used with uncountable nouns when we make general statements.
I love coffee. (NOT... a coffee OR the coffee)
Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
With the names of countries
We do not use articles with the names of countries.
Japan is a developed nation. (NOT The Japan)
I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT …the South Africa)
But we use 'the' if the name of the country or organization specifically states that it is a collection of states. (For example, The United States, The United Arab Emirates, The United Nations etc.)
He is leaving for the United States tomorrow.
The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
With the names of languages
We do not use articles with the names of languages.
Hindi is the national language of India.
It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
With the names of meals
We do not use articles with the names of meals.
We have lunch at midday. (NOT...the lunch)
We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
With proper nouns
We do not use articles with proper nouns (the names of people, places etc.)
Alice is an architect. (NOT The Alice or a Alice)
Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
But we use 'the' with plural names.
We are having dinner with the Smiths.
The Sharmas are very kind.
With titles and names
We do not use articles with titles and names.
Princess Diana was killed in a car accident.
President Kennedy was assassinated.
But we say, the queen of England, the President of USA
With years
We do not use articles before years.
India won freedom in 1947. (NOT...in the 1947)
I was born in 1979.
With possessives and demonstratives
We do not use articles before possessives (my, your, their etc.) and demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
This is my book. (NOT This is a my book.)
I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
With days
Articles are not used to talk about the coming or last day/month.
See you on Friday. (=Coming Friday)
We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT …the next week.)
But we use articles with the names of days of the week and months if we are talking about particular days or months.
We met on a rainy Friday.
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
The articles are not used:
1. Before proper, material and abstract nouns used in a general sense:
London, France, Tom, gold, rice, honesty, virtue
Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris is …)
Gold is a precious metal. (NOT The gold is a …)
Honesty is the best policy.
But we say, the United States, the United Arab Emirates etc.
2. Before a common noun used in its commonest sense:
Man is mortal.
Iron is a useful metal.
3. In certain phrases made up of a preposition + noun:
Examples are: on foot, at school, from top to bottom, at home, in bed, by train, by car, in debt, in hand, on earth, at noon, on board, in jest, at best, at worst etc.
He is in debt. (NOT He is in the debt.)
He is at school. (NOT He is at the school.)
He spent the whole day in bed.
4. In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and its object:
Give ear, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire, take offence, leave office, leave home, leave office etc.
He took offence at my words. (BUT NOT He took the offence at my words.)
She left home in the morning. (BUT NOT She left the home in the morning.)
5. Before the names of continents, countries, capes, cities, towns, days, months, arts, languages, sciences, some diseases etc.
January, March, physics, English, Tokyo, Beijing, Delhi, Tuesday, Friday, Asia, America etc.
December is a cold month.
English is spoken all over the world.
6. Before common nouns when they go in pairs:
Both husband and wife received serious injuries.
7. Before plural nouns used to denote a class:
Apples are red.
Camels are useful animals.
Warm clothes are necessary in cold climates.
8. Before the nouns following kind of:
What kind of flower is it? (NOT What kind of a flower is it?)
9. Before meal-time
He was at dinner.
Breakfast was served at night. (BUT NOT The breakfast was served at night.)
Some special points
Compare the pairs of sentences given below:
I have a black and white cow. (Only one cow)
I have a black and a white cow. (Two cows)
The secretary and accountant is present. (Here the nouns secretary and accountant refer to the same person.)
The secretary and the accountant were present. (Here the repetition of the articles implies that the secretary and the accountant are different persons.)
Articles are not used:
1. before the name of a person:
Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson)
2. before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road.
Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.)
3. before names of materials.
Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.)
4. before abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Example: You cannot buy happiness.
4. Difference in Meaning with Use of Articles
It helps to observe the following rules:
When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective.
EXAMPLE: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.)
When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective
With uncountable nouns
Articles are not used with uncountable nouns when we make general statements.
I love coffee. (NOT... a coffee OR the coffee)
Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
With the names of countries
We do not use articles with the names of countries.
Japan is a developed nation. (NOT The Japan)
I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT …the South Africa)
But we use 'the' if the name of the country or organization specifically states that it is a collection of states. (For example, The United States, The United Arab Emirates, The United Nations etc.)
He is leaving for the United States tomorrow.
The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
With the names of languages
We do not use articles with the names of languages.
Hindi is the national language of India.
It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
With the names of meals
We do not use articles with the names of meals.
We have lunch at midday. (NOT...the lunch)
We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
With proper nouns
We do not use articles with proper nouns (the names of people, places etc.)
Alice is an architect. (NOT The Alice or a Alice)
Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
But we use 'the' with plural names.
We are having dinner with the Smiths.
The Sharmas are very kind.
With titles and names
We do not use articles with titles and names.
Princess Diana was killed in a car accident.
President Kennedy was assassinated.
But we say, the queen of England, the President of USA
With years
We do not use articles before years.
India won freedom in 1947. (NOT...in the 1947)
I was born in 1979.
With possessives and demonstratives
We do not use articles before possessives (my, your, their etc.) and demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
This is my book. (NOT This is a my book.)
I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
With days
Articles are not used to talk about the coming or last day/month.
See you on Friday. (=Coming Friday)
We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT …the next week.)
But we use articles with the names of days of the week and months if we are talking about particular days or months.
We met on a rainy Friday.
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
The articles are not used:
1. Before proper, material and abstract nouns used in a general sense:
London, France, Tom, gold, rice, honesty, virtue
Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris is …)
Gold is a precious metal. (NOT The gold is a …)
Honesty is the best policy.
But we say, the United States, the United Arab Emirates etc.
2. Before a common noun used in its commonest sense:
Man is mortal.
Iron is a useful metal.
3. In certain phrases made up of a preposition + noun:
Examples are: on foot, at school, from top to bottom, at home, in bed, by train, by car, in debt, in hand, on earth, at noon, on board, in jest, at best, at worst etc.
He is in debt. (NOT He is in the debt.)
He is at school. (NOT He is at the school.)
He spent the whole day in bed.
4. In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and its object:
Give ear, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire, take offence, leave office, leave home, leave office etc.
He took offence at my words. (BUT NOT He took the offence at my words.)
She left home in the morning. (BUT NOT She left the home in the morning.)
5. Before the names of continents, countries, capes, cities, towns, days, months, arts, languages, sciences, some diseases etc.
January, March, physics, English, Tokyo, Beijing, Delhi, Tuesday, Friday, Asia, America etc.
December is a cold month.
English is spoken all over the world.
6. Before common nouns when they go in pairs:
Both husband and wife received serious injuries.
7. Before plural nouns used to denote a class:
Apples are red.
Camels are useful animals.
Warm clothes are necessary in cold climates.
8. Before the nouns following kind of:
What kind of flower is it? (NOT What kind of a flower is it?)
9. Before meal-time
He was at dinner.
Breakfast was served at night. (BUT NOT The breakfast was served at night.)
Some special points
Compare the pairs of sentences given below:
I have a black and white cow. (Only one cow)
I have a black and a white cow. (Two cows)
The secretary and accountant is present. (Here the nouns secretary and accountant refer to the same person.)
The secretary and the accountant were present. (Here the repetition of the articles implies that the secretary and the accountant are different persons.)
Articles are not used:
1. before the name of a person:
Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson)
2. before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road.
Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.)
3. before names of materials.
Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.)
4. before abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Example: You cannot buy happiness.
4. Difference in Meaning with Use of Articles
It helps to observe the following rules:
When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective.
EXAMPLE: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.)
When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective
Articles
Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The":
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
uses of articles
In English, knowing when to use 'a' or 'the' can be difficult. Fortunately, there are rules to help you, but you need to know what type of noun you are using.
Grammar rule 1
When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3
You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen.
"Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.
"The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
"The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
More uses of articles in English
Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use 'the'.
For example, "The Thames", "The Alps", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The Middle East".
Unique things have 'the'.
For example, "the sun", "the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'.
"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)
"She goes to the prison to see him once a month."
"My son is in school." (He's a student.)
"I'm going to the school to see the head master."
"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)
"Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon."
Musical instruments use 'the'.
"She plays the piano."
Sports don't have an article.
"He plays football."
Illnesses don't have an article.
"He's got appendicitis."
But we say "a cold" and "a headache".
Jobs use 'a'.
"I'm a teacher."
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. "The People's Republic of China", "The Netherlands", "The United States of America".
Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".
Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'.
"The Odeon", "The Almeira", "The Hilton".
Abbreviations use 'the'.
"the UN", "the USA", "the IMF".
We use 'the' before classes of people.
"the rich", "the poor", "the British".
Grammar rule 1
When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3
You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen.
"Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.
"The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
"The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
More uses of articles in English
Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use 'the'.
For example, "The Thames", "The Alps", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The Middle East".
Unique things have 'the'.
For example, "the sun", "the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'.
"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)
"She goes to the prison to see him once a month."
"My son is in school." (He's a student.)
"I'm going to the school to see the head master."
"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)
"Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon."
Musical instruments use 'the'.
"She plays the piano."
Sports don't have an article.
"He plays football."
Illnesses don't have an article.
"He's got appendicitis."
But we say "a cold" and "a headache".
Jobs use 'a'.
"I'm a teacher."
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. "The People's Republic of China", "The Netherlands", "The United States of America".
Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".
Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'.
"The Odeon", "The Almeira", "The Hilton".
Abbreviations use 'the'.
"the UN", "the USA", "the IMF".
We use 'the' before classes of people.
"the rich", "the poor", "the British".
GD topics
GD Topics
• Cricket as a national obsession is a detriment to other sports.
• To develop India has to empower women.
• Advertising is a waste of resources.
• Privatization will lead to less corruption.
• Joint family is a blessing in disguise.
• Women cannot successfully combine both career and home.
• Women are good managers.
• Money is required to earn more money.
• All Work And No Play Makes Jack A Dull Boy
• Are women As good as Men Or Inferior?
• Nothing Succeeds Like Success?
• Age and Youth: Experience And Young Talent
• Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished
• Tuitions Should Be Banned
• Indian Cricket Team Shouldn't Be Allowed To Play Abroad
• Who is responsible for eve TEASING: Boys or Girl.
• Is cricket hampering the growth of other sports in India
• Why drinking and driving is dangerous to yourself and others
• Advantages of Co-education.
• Cricket as a national obsession is a detriment to other sports.
• To develop India has to empower women.
• Advertising is a waste of resources.
• Privatization will lead to less corruption.
• Joint family is a blessing in disguise.
• Women cannot successfully combine both career and home.
• Women are good managers.
• Money is required to earn more money.
• All Work And No Play Makes Jack A Dull Boy
• Are women As good as Men Or Inferior?
• Nothing Succeeds Like Success?
• Age and Youth: Experience And Young Talent
• Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished
• Tuitions Should Be Banned
• Indian Cricket Team Shouldn't Be Allowed To Play Abroad
• Who is responsible for eve TEASING: Boys or Girl.
• Is cricket hampering the growth of other sports in India
• Why drinking and driving is dangerous to yourself and others
• Advantages of Co-education.
Tips for Gd
Be Yourself. You can only act as yourself. All others acts fail, or at least these exercises are attempting to fail such acts. It is easier conversing being you.
b) Take time to organize your thoughts. During the discussion there will a lot many points. You might be nodding your head to many of them. But do not pitch in to say anything as soon as it is put on table. Think of the pros and cons. Take time to organize your thoughts and put them across once you are confident.
c) The panel is listening to you always. Do not try to convince them or look for an acknowledgment. It is the group which matters here-stick to them.
d) Seek clarifications if you have any doubts regarding the subject, before the discussion commences.
e) First impressions speak a lot of you. So make sure to show the right gestures, the right words and more importantly the right spirits.
f) Never try to show your dominance. Be assertive, speak yourself and let others speak as well.
g) Don’t lose your temper. Remember everyone is a participant there. They are putting across their point. Be logical and break down your answer to acceptable chunks. This will help you in confrontations
h) Show your leadership skills. Building a consensus needs leadership skills. Steers the discussion in right track also try to make all participants speak-this would help in consensus building.
i) Any outrageous act is sure to seize interest but least expects them to sustain that interest.
I hope this series of articles on GD helped you up your ante for real life battles. Best of luck!
b) Take time to organize your thoughts. During the discussion there will a lot many points. You might be nodding your head to many of them. But do not pitch in to say anything as soon as it is put on table. Think of the pros and cons. Take time to organize your thoughts and put them across once you are confident.
c) The panel is listening to you always. Do not try to convince them or look for an acknowledgment. It is the group which matters here-stick to them.
d) Seek clarifications if you have any doubts regarding the subject, before the discussion commences.
e) First impressions speak a lot of you. So make sure to show the right gestures, the right words and more importantly the right spirits.
f) Never try to show your dominance. Be assertive, speak yourself and let others speak as well.
g) Don’t lose your temper. Remember everyone is a participant there. They are putting across their point. Be logical and break down your answer to acceptable chunks. This will help you in confrontations
h) Show your leadership skills. Building a consensus needs leadership skills. Steers the discussion in right track also try to make all participants speak-this would help in consensus building.
i) Any outrageous act is sure to seize interest but least expects them to sustain that interest.
I hope this series of articles on GD helped you up your ante for real life battles. Best of luck!
Debate Topics for lab exams
• Should school students face a mandatory drug test?
• Should students be required to wear a school uniform?
• Are the Olympic Games a waste of money? Or other debate speech topics on huge sports events.
• Is our nation still unprepared for disasters? Or other debate topic themes about safety.
• Should school prayer be prohibited?
• Should skateboards be prohibited on sidewalks?
• Should minorities be treated differentially?
• Should the age to vote be reduced to 16?
• Should the use of animals in sports and entertainment be banned?
• Should there be a curfew for people under 18 years to reduce crime?
• Does Hollywood movies have a bad influence on the world?
• Should homework assignments be limited to a maximum of three nights a week?
• Do school autorities have the right to search students’ lockers? Or other education related debate topic issues.
• Do adopted children have the right to know who their biological parents are?
• Should factory farming of chickens be banned?
• Are standardized test scores given over importance in school admissions?
• Just like women, should men get paternity leave from work?
• Is lottery a great way to make money?
• How much is too much homework
• Is cheating in exam halls inevitable?
• Are we over dependent on technology?
• Is Internet a safe haven for kids?
• Should animal research for experiments be banned?
• Is cigarette smoking a result of negative peer pressure?
• Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
• School's competency is best judged by test scores?
• Frugal living is a necessity now
• Should children be allowed in TV advertisements?
• Does video game violence trigger behavioral problems in kids?
• When should teenagers start taking their own decisions?
• Are sports, games and extra curricular activities in school a mere waste of time?
• Are free web cam chat for kids safe?
• Is it necessary to be fashionable?
• Do girls talk more than boys?
• Is co-education better than single sex school?
• Should students be allowed to award marks to their teachers?
• Should women and minorities be given special consideration during admission in educational institutions?
• Is homeschooling better than public schooling?
• Should teenagers watch TV news instead of violent movies?
• Is genetic engineering dangerous for ecology?
• Should fast food and drinks selling in schools be stopped?
• Vegetarian diet v/s non-vegetarian diet
• Swimming lessons mandatory for everyone
• Should students be required to wear a school uniform?
• Are the Olympic Games a waste of money? Or other debate speech topics on huge sports events.
• Is our nation still unprepared for disasters? Or other debate topic themes about safety.
• Should school prayer be prohibited?
• Should skateboards be prohibited on sidewalks?
• Should minorities be treated differentially?
• Should the age to vote be reduced to 16?
• Should the use of animals in sports and entertainment be banned?
• Should there be a curfew for people under 18 years to reduce crime?
• Does Hollywood movies have a bad influence on the world?
• Should homework assignments be limited to a maximum of three nights a week?
• Do school autorities have the right to search students’ lockers? Or other education related debate topic issues.
• Do adopted children have the right to know who their biological parents are?
• Should factory farming of chickens be banned?
• Are standardized test scores given over importance in school admissions?
• Just like women, should men get paternity leave from work?
• Is lottery a great way to make money?
• How much is too much homework
• Is cheating in exam halls inevitable?
• Are we over dependent on technology?
• Is Internet a safe haven for kids?
• Should animal research for experiments be banned?
• Is cigarette smoking a result of negative peer pressure?
• Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
• School's competency is best judged by test scores?
• Frugal living is a necessity now
• Should children be allowed in TV advertisements?
• Does video game violence trigger behavioral problems in kids?
• When should teenagers start taking their own decisions?
• Are sports, games and extra curricular activities in school a mere waste of time?
• Are free web cam chat for kids safe?
• Is it necessary to be fashionable?
• Do girls talk more than boys?
• Is co-education better than single sex school?
• Should students be allowed to award marks to their teachers?
• Should women and minorities be given special consideration during admission in educational institutions?
• Is homeschooling better than public schooling?
• Should teenagers watch TV news instead of violent movies?
• Is genetic engineering dangerous for ecology?
• Should fast food and drinks selling in schools be stopped?
• Vegetarian diet v/s non-vegetarian diet
• Swimming lessons mandatory for everyone
Key to the new model question paper
ENGLISH - II MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR SECOND SEMESTER END EXAMINATION JNTU KAKINADA
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. a. Draft an email to your friend advising her on health tips to be taken on a tour she is going on in the near future. 10 marks
To: quddus.afsha@gmail.com
Cc:
Bcc:
Subject: Health tips to be taken on a tour
Dear afsha,
I am happy to know that you are going on a tour. First of all I wish you Happy and safe journey. I want you to be healthy during your tour. Here are few tips please take care to follow them carefully.
Please pack your own personal first-aid kit. Carry medicine in your carry-on bags without fail. Be sure to travel with enough medicine for the duration of your tour. Pack a basic first-aid kit that includes: bandages, antiseptic wipes, ace wraps, moleskin (to cover blisters), digital thermometer, non-aspirin pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medicine. Please practice to do regular exercise program before you go on tour.
Buy a large bottle of water before you board in case the beverage service is limited or slow. Avoid drinking soft drinks and stick to water and fruit juices. Skip the coffee and tea, too. Don’t skip breakfast at the hotels. Drink lots of bottled water. Wash your hands before eating. Carry hand sanitizer. Eat fruit whenever it is served to you. Buy fruit only if you can wash or peel it. Pack some dried fruit, especially dried plums .Get enough sleep at night. Always have some plastic bags available just in case anyone feels nauseous.
Once again I wish you happy journey. Hope you will return safe and happy if you follow these tips.
Regards,
afsha.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions 5marks
i Things were different -when- I was young.
ii I do it -because- I like it.
iii Let us wait here -till- the rain stops.
iv You cannot be a lawyer -unless you have a law degree.
v That was years -and- years ago.
2. a. Write a situational dialogue between a Red Cross Volunteer and an earthquake victim. 10 marks
(refer Step By Step text, page123 )
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers –many, more, fewest, much, most 5 marks
There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China. The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia. Much research is conducted on this.
3. a. Due to recent floods in Nellore, some of the families became refugees and were in the care of your voluntary service organization. Write a Report on the situation and the help extended to them. 10 marks
Report of the Voluntary Service Organization on the help extended to Flood Victims
Nellore:
This is a report on the help extended to the Flood victims recently in Nellore by the Voluntary Services Organization.
Several areas in and around Nellore were affected by floods. Mypadu was severely affected due to the flood. The people in the affected area became homeless and some of the people lost their lives. Many of them were affected with water born diseases. Many people were starving for basic requirements like food, clothes and shelter. Media covered this entire scene and telecasted on the televisions. As a result many government organizations and Red Cross organizations came forward and extended a helping hand.
Thousands of local palm thatch homes were swept away by the storm and infrastructure was damaged to a great extent. Power lines were down, roads flooded and communication links were severed in many areas. Many people in the near by areas were evacuated and were provided shelter in safer places. The cyclone shelters built by the Red Cross Organization in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa rescued these people. This saved many lives by preventing people from epidemic diseases.
The Voluntary Service Organization Operations unit started to help the victims of the recent floods. Priorities were given to people with injuries and food water and shelter were provided to the thousands of people who were homeless. It was run by Students Volunteer Organization who tried to help as many victims as possible. They all joined their hands with government officials in helping the victims by shifting those victims to the safer places first. As many people as possible were helped get insurance for their houses and reconstruction of their houses at the earliest.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. 5 marks
i He left __x___ home without informing anyone.
ii There is -a- box of sweets on -the- table
iii Do you need -a- degree in Economics or -the- degree in finance to be a better manager?
iv When we arrived, she went straight to -the kitchen- and started to prepare x meal for us.
v He has a cut on his leg and a bruise on the chin.
4. a. Write an essay in about 400- 500 words on “Advantages and disadvantages of Vegetarian and non-vegetarian food” 10m
Ethical:
Food has a major role to play in our fitness. Researchers have repeatedly proved that healthy food is the main key to good health. By healthy food, it means the food that is nutritious and full of essential vitamins and minerals. Green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits are the best reserves of vital nutrients that safeguard our body against many diseases. Most importantly, water is the most essential requirement of our body. Be sure to drink at least eight to ten glasses of water daily to make our self plump and soft.
Before moving further, let us get started with some important foods that will not only make us healthy, but will also make one look young and radiant. Beans, pumpkin, oranges, and yoghurt are few of the many vegetarian foods that are sure to give us an endless aura. After all, ravishing beauty is what that comes from within. One can surely enhance one’s outer looks by expensive make-ups, but what and how he/she eats reflect the real beauty.
No specific food is responsible for specific health ailments. These super foods give a wide coverage for a variety of ailments including diabetes, cancer, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. They also help us to keep a check on your weight and make one look beautiful and glowing.
Let us take a look at some other super foods. Animal food is rich in proteins and proteins all know help in the wear and tear of our body. Fish, eggs, and animal meat keep one in a great shape.
Both diets are healthy if done correctly. And the pros and cons for each are probably similar. Meat is rich in protein, iron, vitamin B1 and niacin. Non-vegetarian food is a good source of excellent protein.
One of the advantages to the vegetarian diet is that it tends to be low in fat and cholesterol. As a result, a vegetarian diet can help one avoid heart problems and even cancer. However, one may also find that he/she is missing some important vitamins and minerals on a strictly vegetarian diet.
Advantages of vegetarian foods are:
• They are easily chewable, especially for the elderly who have lost their teeth.
• Many elderly feel that vegetarian food is more easily digestible.
• Vegetarian foods are cheaper than non-vegetarian foods.
• Some vegetables can be eaten raw preventing the loss of nutrients while cooking.
• Vegetarian foods do not contain as much fat as non-vegetarian foods.
Thus, Vegetarians should take care to include soya beans, groundnuts, lentils, mushrooms and so on to get a sufficient supply of proteins.
Advantages of Non-Vegetarian foods are:
• Non-vegetarian foods are rich in protein of high biological value and in Vitamin B complex, especially B12 which is not available in plant foods.
• Fish, especially the small varieties are a rich source of calcium.
• Egg-white is good source of protein and easily digested.
The incidence of high BP, Heart disease, Obesity and high cholesterol levels is found to be greater among non-vegetarians. Elders who suffer from these problems should reduce the intake of fleshy foods in their diet. Egg-white and most varieties of fish contain less fat, but are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the decision depends on various factors such as cultural or dietary habits of the family, personal preference, taste and avoidance of certain foods for health reasons. Whatever the case, a well-balanced diet supplying proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals should be taken.
b. Give the Synonyms of the following 5marks
Reduce, essential, conviction, summit, truce
1. Reduce: Decrease 2. Essential: Necessary 3.conviction: belief 4. Summit: peak 5. Truce: agreement
5. A. What are the factors that are helpful in preparing Power Point Presentation? Prepare a PPT in 6 slides about your favorite sports person. 10 marks
(Refer Step by Step page 179 to 181)
Slide -- 1
Slide --2
Slide --3
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions 5 marks
i His house looks -like- a temple
ii How many -of- the members will join the trip?
iii Don’t lean that ladder -against- the wall.
iv I don't usually feel tired -in- the morning.
v Have you heard anything -about- him yet?
6. a. Discuss in a situational dialogue with your friend the strategies that are helpful in eliminating stress. 10 marks.
Joshuva: Hi! Sagar. I hear your paper has been selected in International Seminar
for presentation. Congratulations!
Sagar: Thanks! Josh. It really is a great honour, and at the same time, a huge
challenge as well, especially with so many participants coming from all over the world. Frankly, I’m not sure I’ll be able to manage.
Joshuva: Don’t’t worry. If you prepare well you won’t feel nervous.
Sagar: Will you please help me giving some important tips to manage stress.
Joshuva: Why not, sure. First of all you jot the outline of your presentation on a
piece of paper.
Sagar: OK I will do that.
Joshuva: Don’t speak too fast or too slow. If you talk too fast, you risk the audience
not understanding what you are trying to say. If you talk too slow, your
audience might lose interest in what you are saying. Maintain a moderate
pace.
Sagar: Do you think I can manage well?
Joshuva: Be positive. Motivate yourself. Tell yourself things like- ‘I will make a
good presentation.’
Sagar: Ok dear. Thanks a lot. Is there anything else to help me manage my stress.
Joshuva: Last but not the least gather yourself together before presentation. Take a deep breath, and try to be relaxed and calm.
Sagar: Thanks a lot. I hope with these strategies I will definitely manage to do well without any stress.
Joshuva: All the Best. Take care. Bye.
Sagar: Thank. Bye.
b.Punctuate the given set of sentences. 5 marks
i. Did you go to School today?
ii. What a beautiful day!
iii. I like noodles, pizza, burger, etc.
iv. This is Suresh’s pen.
v. I don’t know your name.
7 a. What is the role of team work, motivation and commitment in the life of a sportsman? What is the importance of the above in a job ambience? 10 marks.
(Refer the dictated notes)
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate exclamations 5 marks
1 Wow! What a great game.
2. Ah! You came just in time
3. You won the competition. What an achievement!
4. Alas! I lost your pen. Ah! is it true?
8 a. You are the Chairman of NHAI. Write a letter responding to the appeal made by the ministry of road transportation about preventing the disruption of traffic on account of damages to road and bridges during natural disasters. 10marks
(Refer page 112 in Step by Step)
b. Match the words with phrases 5 marks
i. Easily (d) a) on the middle stump
ii. Stand (a) (b) on the wicket
iii. Applied (e) (c) into my body
iv. Bowl (c) (d) off the pads
v. Depending (b) (e) them to my batting
(1- d ,2- a, 3- e, 4- c, 5- b)
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. a. Draft an email to your friend advising her on health tips to be taken on a tour she is going on in the near future. 10 marks
To: quddus.afsha@gmail.com
Cc:
Bcc:
Subject: Health tips to be taken on a tour
Dear afsha,
I am happy to know that you are going on a tour. First of all I wish you Happy and safe journey. I want you to be healthy during your tour. Here are few tips please take care to follow them carefully.
Please pack your own personal first-aid kit. Carry medicine in your carry-on bags without fail. Be sure to travel with enough medicine for the duration of your tour. Pack a basic first-aid kit that includes: bandages, antiseptic wipes, ace wraps, moleskin (to cover blisters), digital thermometer, non-aspirin pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medicine. Please practice to do regular exercise program before you go on tour.
Buy a large bottle of water before you board in case the beverage service is limited or slow. Avoid drinking soft drinks and stick to water and fruit juices. Skip the coffee and tea, too. Don’t skip breakfast at the hotels. Drink lots of bottled water. Wash your hands before eating. Carry hand sanitizer. Eat fruit whenever it is served to you. Buy fruit only if you can wash or peel it. Pack some dried fruit, especially dried plums .Get enough sleep at night. Always have some plastic bags available just in case anyone feels nauseous.
Once again I wish you happy journey. Hope you will return safe and happy if you follow these tips.
Regards,
afsha.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions 5marks
i Things were different -when- I was young.
ii I do it -because- I like it.
iii Let us wait here -till- the rain stops.
iv You cannot be a lawyer -unless you have a law degree.
v That was years -and- years ago.
2. a. Write a situational dialogue between a Red Cross Volunteer and an earthquake victim. 10 marks
(refer Step By Step text, page123 )
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers –many, more, fewest, much, most 5 marks
There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China. The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia. Much research is conducted on this.
3. a. Due to recent floods in Nellore, some of the families became refugees and were in the care of your voluntary service organization. Write a Report on the situation and the help extended to them. 10 marks
Report of the Voluntary Service Organization on the help extended to Flood Victims
Nellore:
This is a report on the help extended to the Flood victims recently in Nellore by the Voluntary Services Organization.
Several areas in and around Nellore were affected by floods. Mypadu was severely affected due to the flood. The people in the affected area became homeless and some of the people lost their lives. Many of them were affected with water born diseases. Many people were starving for basic requirements like food, clothes and shelter. Media covered this entire scene and telecasted on the televisions. As a result many government organizations and Red Cross organizations came forward and extended a helping hand.
Thousands of local palm thatch homes were swept away by the storm and infrastructure was damaged to a great extent. Power lines were down, roads flooded and communication links were severed in many areas. Many people in the near by areas were evacuated and were provided shelter in safer places. The cyclone shelters built by the Red Cross Organization in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa rescued these people. This saved many lives by preventing people from epidemic diseases.
The Voluntary Service Organization Operations unit started to help the victims of the recent floods. Priorities were given to people with injuries and food water and shelter were provided to the thousands of people who were homeless. It was run by Students Volunteer Organization who tried to help as many victims as possible. They all joined their hands with government officials in helping the victims by shifting those victims to the safer places first. As many people as possible were helped get insurance for their houses and reconstruction of their houses at the earliest.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. 5 marks
i He left __x___ home without informing anyone.
ii There is -a- box of sweets on -the- table
iii Do you need -a- degree in Economics or -the- degree in finance to be a better manager?
iv When we arrived, she went straight to -the kitchen- and started to prepare x meal for us.
v He has a cut on his leg and a bruise on the chin.
4. a. Write an essay in about 400- 500 words on “Advantages and disadvantages of Vegetarian and non-vegetarian food” 10m
Ethical:
Food has a major role to play in our fitness. Researchers have repeatedly proved that healthy food is the main key to good health. By healthy food, it means the food that is nutritious and full of essential vitamins and minerals. Green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits are the best reserves of vital nutrients that safeguard our body against many diseases. Most importantly, water is the most essential requirement of our body. Be sure to drink at least eight to ten glasses of water daily to make our self plump and soft.
Before moving further, let us get started with some important foods that will not only make us healthy, but will also make one look young and radiant. Beans, pumpkin, oranges, and yoghurt are few of the many vegetarian foods that are sure to give us an endless aura. After all, ravishing beauty is what that comes from within. One can surely enhance one’s outer looks by expensive make-ups, but what and how he/she eats reflect the real beauty.
No specific food is responsible for specific health ailments. These super foods give a wide coverage for a variety of ailments including diabetes, cancer, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. They also help us to keep a check on your weight and make one look beautiful and glowing.
Let us take a look at some other super foods. Animal food is rich in proteins and proteins all know help in the wear and tear of our body. Fish, eggs, and animal meat keep one in a great shape.
Both diets are healthy if done correctly. And the pros and cons for each are probably similar. Meat is rich in protein, iron, vitamin B1 and niacin. Non-vegetarian food is a good source of excellent protein.
One of the advantages to the vegetarian diet is that it tends to be low in fat and cholesterol. As a result, a vegetarian diet can help one avoid heart problems and even cancer. However, one may also find that he/she is missing some important vitamins and minerals on a strictly vegetarian diet.
Advantages of vegetarian foods are:
• They are easily chewable, especially for the elderly who have lost their teeth.
• Many elderly feel that vegetarian food is more easily digestible.
• Vegetarian foods are cheaper than non-vegetarian foods.
• Some vegetables can be eaten raw preventing the loss of nutrients while cooking.
• Vegetarian foods do not contain as much fat as non-vegetarian foods.
Thus, Vegetarians should take care to include soya beans, groundnuts, lentils, mushrooms and so on to get a sufficient supply of proteins.
Advantages of Non-Vegetarian foods are:
• Non-vegetarian foods are rich in protein of high biological value and in Vitamin B complex, especially B12 which is not available in plant foods.
• Fish, especially the small varieties are a rich source of calcium.
• Egg-white is good source of protein and easily digested.
The incidence of high BP, Heart disease, Obesity and high cholesterol levels is found to be greater among non-vegetarians. Elders who suffer from these problems should reduce the intake of fleshy foods in their diet. Egg-white and most varieties of fish contain less fat, but are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the decision depends on various factors such as cultural or dietary habits of the family, personal preference, taste and avoidance of certain foods for health reasons. Whatever the case, a well-balanced diet supplying proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals should be taken.
b. Give the Synonyms of the following 5marks
Reduce, essential, conviction, summit, truce
1. Reduce: Decrease 2. Essential: Necessary 3.conviction: belief 4. Summit: peak 5. Truce: agreement
5. A. What are the factors that are helpful in preparing Power Point Presentation? Prepare a PPT in 6 slides about your favorite sports person. 10 marks
(Refer Step by Step page 179 to 181)
Slide -- 1
Slide --2
Slide --3
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions 5 marks
i His house looks -like- a temple
ii How many -of- the members will join the trip?
iii Don’t lean that ladder -against- the wall.
iv I don't usually feel tired -in- the morning.
v Have you heard anything -about- him yet?
6. a. Discuss in a situational dialogue with your friend the strategies that are helpful in eliminating stress. 10 marks.
Joshuva: Hi! Sagar. I hear your paper has been selected in International Seminar
for presentation. Congratulations!
Sagar: Thanks! Josh. It really is a great honour, and at the same time, a huge
challenge as well, especially with so many participants coming from all over the world. Frankly, I’m not sure I’ll be able to manage.
Joshuva: Don’t’t worry. If you prepare well you won’t feel nervous.
Sagar: Will you please help me giving some important tips to manage stress.
Joshuva: Why not, sure. First of all you jot the outline of your presentation on a
piece of paper.
Sagar: OK I will do that.
Joshuva: Don’t speak too fast or too slow. If you talk too fast, you risk the audience
not understanding what you are trying to say. If you talk too slow, your
audience might lose interest in what you are saying. Maintain a moderate
pace.
Sagar: Do you think I can manage well?
Joshuva: Be positive. Motivate yourself. Tell yourself things like- ‘I will make a
good presentation.’
Sagar: Ok dear. Thanks a lot. Is there anything else to help me manage my stress.
Joshuva: Last but not the least gather yourself together before presentation. Take a deep breath, and try to be relaxed and calm.
Sagar: Thanks a lot. I hope with these strategies I will definitely manage to do well without any stress.
Joshuva: All the Best. Take care. Bye.
Sagar: Thank. Bye.
b.Punctuate the given set of sentences. 5 marks
i. Did you go to School today?
ii. What a beautiful day!
iii. I like noodles, pizza, burger, etc.
iv. This is Suresh’s pen.
v. I don’t know your name.
7 a. What is the role of team work, motivation and commitment in the life of a sportsman? What is the importance of the above in a job ambience? 10 marks.
(Refer the dictated notes)
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate exclamations 5 marks
1 Wow! What a great game.
2. Ah! You came just in time
3. You won the competition. What an achievement!
4. Alas! I lost your pen. Ah! is it true?
8 a. You are the Chairman of NHAI. Write a letter responding to the appeal made by the ministry of road transportation about preventing the disruption of traffic on account of damages to road and bridges during natural disasters. 10marks
(Refer page 112 in Step by Step)
b. Match the words with phrases 5 marks
i. Easily (d) a) on the middle stump
ii. Stand (a) (b) on the wicket
iii. Applied (e) (c) into my body
iv. Bowl (c) (d) off the pads
v. Depending (b) (e) them to my batting
(1- d ,2- a, 3- e, 4- c, 5- b)
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