The Cop and the Anthem
O.Henry
On his bench in Madison Square Soapy moved uneasily. When wild geese honk high of nights, and when women without sealskin coats grow kindto their husbands, and when Soapy moves uneasily on his bench in the park, you may know that winter is near at hand.
A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card. Jack
is kind to the regular denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair
warning of his annual call. At the corners of four streets he hands
his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All
Outdoors, so that the inhabitants thereof may make ready.
Soapy's mind became cognisant of the fact that the time had come for
him to resolve himself into a singular Committee of Ways and Means to
provide against the coming rigour. And therefore he moved uneasily
on his bench.
The hibernatorial ambitions of Soapy were not of the highest. In
them there were no considerations of Mediterranean cruises, of
soporific Southern skies drifting in the Vesuvian Bay. Three months
on the Island was what his soul craved. Three months of assured
board and bed and congenial company, safe from Boreas and bluecoats,
seemed to Soapy the essence of things desirable.
For years the hospitable Blackwell's had been his winter quarters.
Just as his more fortunate fellow New Yorkers had bought their
tickets to Palm Beach and the Riviera each winter, so Soapy had made
his humble arrangements for his annual hegira to the Island. And now
the time was come. On the previous night three Sabbath newspapers,
distributed beneath his coat, about his ankles and over his lap, had
failed to repulse the cold as he slept on his bench near the spurting
fountain in the ancient square. So the Island loomed big and timely
in Soapy's mind. He scorned the provisions made in the name of
charity for the city's dependents. In Soapy's opinion the Law was
more benign than Philanthropy. There was an endless round of
institutions, municipal and eleemosynary, on which he might set out
and receive lodging and food accordant with the simple life. But to
one of Soapy's proud spirit the gifts of charity are encumbered. If
not in coin you must pay in humiliation of spirit for every benefit
received at the hands of philanthropy. As Caesar had his Brutus,
every bed of charity must have its toll of a bath, every loaf of
bread its compensation of a private and personal inquisition.
Wherefore it is better to be a guest of the law, which though
conducted by rules, does not meddle unduly with a gentleman's private
affairs.
Soapy, having decided to go to the Island, at once set about
accomplishing his desire. There were many easy ways of doing this.
The pleasantest was to dine luxuriously at some expensive restaurant;
and then, after declaring insolvency, be handed over quietly and
without uproar to a policeman. An accommodating magistrate would do
the rest.
Soapy left his bench and strolled out of the square and across the
level sea of asphalt, where Broadway and Fifth Avenue flow together.
Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering cafe, where are
gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grape, the
silkworm and the protoplasm.
Soapy had confidence in himself from the lowest button of his vest
upward. He was shaven, and his coat was decent and his neat black,
ready-tied four-in-hand had been presented to him by a lady
missionary on Thanksgiving Day. If he could reach a table in the
restaurant unsuspected success would be his. The portion of him that
would show above the table would raise no doubt in the waiter's mind.
A roasted mallard duck, thought Soapy, would be about the thing--with
a bottle of Chablis, and then Camembert, a demi-tasse and a cigar.
One dollar for the cigar would be enough. The total would not be so
high as to call forth any supreme manifestation of revenge from the
cafe management; and yet the meat would leave him filled and happy
for the journey to his winter refuge.
But as Soapy set foot inside the restaurant door the head waiter's
eye fell upon his frayed trousers and decadent shoes. Strong and
ready hands turned him about and conveyed him in silence and haste to
the sidewalk and averted the ignoble fate of the menaced mallard.
Soapy turned off Broadway. It seemed that his route to the coveted
island was not to be an epicurean one. Some other way of entering
limbo must be thought of.
At a corner of Sixth Avenue electric lights and cunningly displayed
wares behind plate-glass made a shop window conspicuous. Soapy took
a cobblestone and dashed it through the glass. People came running
around the corner, a policeman in the lead. Soapy stood still, with
his hands in his pockets, and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.
"Where's the man that done that?" inquired the officer excitedly.
"Don't you figure out that I might have had something to do with it?"
said Soapy, not without sarcasm, but friendly, as one greets good
fortune.
The policeman's mind refused to accept Soapy even as a clue. Men who
smash windows do not remain to parley with the law's minions. They
take to their heels. The policeman saw a man half way down the block
running to catch a car. With drawn club he joined in the pursuit.
Soapy, with disgust in his heart, loafed along, twice unsuccessful.
On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant of no great
pretensions. It catered to large appetites and modest purses. Its
crockery and atmosphere were thick; its soup and napery thin. Into
this place Soapy took his accusive shoes and telltale trousers
without challenge. At a table he sat and consumed beefsteak,
flapjacks, doughnuts and pie. And then to the waiter be betrayed the
fact that the minutest coin and himself were strangers.
"Now, get busy and call a cop," said Soapy. "And don't keep a
gentleman waiting."
"No cop for youse," said the waiter, with a voice like butter cakes
and an eye like the cherry in a Manhattan cocktail. "Hey, Con!"
Neatly upon his left ear on the callous pavement two waiters pitched
Soapy. He arose, joint by joint, as a carpenter's rule opens, and
beat the dust from his clothes. Arrest seemed but a rosy dream. The
Island seemed very far away. A policeman who stood before a drug
store two doors away laughed and walked down the street.
Five blocks Soapy travelled before his courage permitted him to woo
capture again. This time the opportunity presented what he fatuously
termed to himself a "cinch." A young woman of a modest and pleasing
guise was standing before a show window gazing with sprightly
interest at its display of shaving mugs and inkstands, and two yards
from the window a large policeman of severe demeanour leaned against
a water plug.
It was Soapy's design to assume the role of the despicable and
execrated "masher." The refined and elegant appearance of his victim
and the contiguity of the conscientious cop encouraged him to believe
that he would soon feel the pleasant official clutch upon his arm
that would insure his winter quarters on the right little, tight
little isle.
Soapy straightened the lady missionary's readymade tie, dragged his
shrinking cuffs into the open, set his hat at a killing cant and
sidled toward the young woman. He made eyes at her, was taken with
sudden coughs and "hems," smiled, smirked and went brazenly through
the impudent and contemptible litany of the "masher." With half an
eye Soapy saw that the policeman was watching him fixedly. The young
woman moved away a few steps, and again bestowed her absorbed
attention upon the shaving mugs. Soapy followed, boldly stepping to
her side, raised his hat and said:
"Ah there, Bedelia! Don't you want to come and play in my yard?"
The policeman was still looking. The persecuted young woman had but
to beckon a finger and Soapy would be practically en route for his
insular haven. Already he imagined he could feel the cozy warmth of
the station-house. The young woman faced him and, stretching out a
hand, caught Soapy's coat sleeve.
Sure, Mike," she said joyfully, "if you'll blow me to a pail of suds.
I'd have spoke to you sooner, but the cop was watching."
With the young woman playing the clinging ivy to his oak Soapy walked
past the policeman overcome with gloom. He seemed doomed to liberty.
At the next corner he shook off his companion and ran. He halted in
the district where by night are found the lightest streets, hearts,
vows and librettos.
Women in furs and men in greatcoats moved gaily in the wintry air. A
sudden fear seized Soapy that some dreadful enchantment had rendered
him immune to arrest. The thought brought a little of panic upon it,
and when he came upon another policeman lounging grandly in front of
a transplendent theatre he caught at the immediate straw of
"disorderly conduct."
On the sidewalk Soapy began to yell drunken gibberish at the top of
his harsh voice. He danced, howled, raved and otherwise disturbed
the welkin.
The policeman twirled his club, turned his back to Soapy and remarked
to a citizen.
"'Tis one of them Yale lads celebratin' the goose egg they give to
the Hartford College. Noisy; but no harm. We've instructions to
lave them be."
Disconsolate, Soapy ceased his unavailing racket. Would never a
policeman lay hands on him? In his fancy the Island seemed an
unattainable Arcadia. He buttoned his thin coat against the chilling
wind.
In a cigar store he saw a well-dressed man lighting a cigar at a
swinging light. His silk umbrella he had set by the door on
entering. Soapy stepped inside, secured the umbrella and sauntered
off with it slowly. The man at the cigar light followed hastily.
"My umbrella," he said, sternly.
"Oh, is it?" sneered Soapy, adding insult to petit larceny. "Well,
why don't you call a policeman? I took it. Your umbrella! Why
don't you call a cop? There stands one on the corner."
The umbrella owner slowed his steps. Soapy did likewise, with a
presentiment that luck would again run against him. The policeman
looked at the two curiously.
"Of course," said the umbrella man--"that is--well, you know how
these mistakes occur--I--if it's your umbrella I hope you'll excuse
me--I picked it up this morning in a restaurant--If you recognise it
as yours, why--I hope you'll--"
"Of course it's mine," said Soapy, viciously.
The ex-umbrella man retreated. The policeman hurried to assist a
tall blonde in an opera cloak across the street in front of a street
car that was approaching two blocks away.
Soapy walked eastward through a street damaged by improvements. He
hurled the umbrella wrathfully into an excavation. He muttered
against the men who wear helmets and carry clubs. Because he wanted
to fall into their clutches, they seemed to regard him as a king who
could do no wrong.
At length Soapy reached one of the avenues to the east where the
glitter and turmoil was but faint. He set his face down this toward
Madison Square, for the homing instinct survives even when the home
is a park bench.
But on an unusually quiet corner Soapy came to a standstill. Here
was an old church, quaint and rambling and gabled. Through one
violet-stained window a soft light glowed, where, no doubt, the
organist loitered over the keys, making sure of his mastery of the
coming Sabbath anthem. For there drifted out to Soapy's ears sweet
music that caught and held him transfixed against the convolutions of
the iron fence.
The moon was above, lustrous and serene; vehicles and pedestrians
were few; sparrows twittered sleepily in the eaves--for a little
while the scene might have been a country churchyard. And the anthem
that the organist played cemented Soapy to the iron fence, for he had
known it well in the days when his life contained such things as
mothers and roses and ambitions and friends and immaculate thoughts
and collars.
The conjunction of Soapy's receptive state of mind and the influences
about the old church wrought a sudden and wonderful change in his
soul. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled,
the degraded days, unworthy desires, dead hopes, wrecked faculties
and base motives that made up his existence.
And also in a moment his heart responded thrillingly to this novel
mood. An instantaneous and strong impulse moved him to battle with
his desperate fate. He would pull himself out of the mire; he would
make a man of himself again; he would conquer the evil that had taken
possession of him. There was time; he was comparatively young yet;
he would resurrect his old eager ambitions and pursue them without
faltering. Those solemn but sweet organ notes had set up a
revolution in him. To-morrow he would go into the roaring downtown
district and find work. A fur importer had once offered him a place
as driver. He would find him to-morrow and ask for the position. He
would be somebody in the world. He would--
Soapy felt a hand laid on his arm. He looked quickly around into the
broad face of a policeman.
"What are you doin' here?" asked the officer.
"Nothin'," said Soapy.
"Then come along," said the policeman.
"Three months on the Island," said the Magistrate in the Police Court
the next morning.
II The Festival of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka
The Festival Of The Tooth
The Festival of the Tooth is celebrated in the Sri Lankan town of Kandy every year in the month of Asalha (July). The festival is dedicated to the sacred tooth relic which was brought from India and is now housed in the Sri Dalada Maligawa or The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic of the town. The festival is the time for great rejoice for the native people and even foreigners are not behind in celebration of the festival. They come from far and near to be a part of this festival which has now become one of the most famous events of not only the town but also the Buddhist world.
The History of the Sacred Tooth Relic
It was believed that if the Bodhi Tree that came into contact with the Buddha had the power to bring rains, then the parts of His own body had much greater power to invite rains. With this in mind, the sacred tooth relic was brought all the way from Kalinga in India to the island of Sri Lanka in the fourth century AD. At the time, the sacred tooth relic was brought to Sri Lanka, the king was Sri Megha varna. His name itself meant 'the Resplendent one whose complexion is that of the Rain-cloud'.
The time when the sacred tooth was brought to Sri Lanka was around six centuries after the sapling of the sacred Bodhi Tree was brought into the island country. However, very soon, the popularity of the sacred tooth surpassed that of the Bodhi Tree. The simple reason for this was that it could be moved any number of time from one place to another, very unlike the Bodhi Tree itself. Also, the possesion of the tooth relic soon became a matter of power and claim to rule the land. Whoever (kings) had the tooth relic had the authority to rule the land and tried every bit to avoid the relic from falling into hostile hand.
This is amply manifested in the attempt made by the kings when the Europeans enhanced their power in the island country. King Senarath quickly transported the relic a little distance away from Kandy when the Portuguese came to close for his comfort. Later, the significance of the tooth relic became known to the Europeans themselves. They wasted no time and made it their primary goal to get hold of the precious relic. The British succeeded in 1818, and the people themselves gave up all efforts to prevent the former from ruling them, all because the British possessed the tooth relic.
The Festival & Its Progress
As per history, a number of festivals were celebrated to honour the sacred tooth relic right from time it came to Sri Lanka. Initially, processions or peraheras were taken out for the tooth relic alone. However, later, the festival got incorporated with another festival meant to appease the rain god, the Esala peraheras. At this time, a Kandyan king, Kirti Shri Rajasinghe was in power and he made it possible for the common people to worship the relic by announcing that it would be taken out in a procession for the masses to see and offer their prayers. Before this, the tooth relic was the property of the king and the common people were not allowed to worship it.
The Procession Today
The Esala Perahera begins with a ceremony in which a young jack tree is cut and planted in the complex of the four devalas, or the four guardian gods, Natha, Vishnu, Katharagama and the goddess Pattini. In earlier times, this was aimed at seeking blessings for the king and the people. The successive five nights witness the Devala Peraheras taking place within the boundary of the four devalas. On the sixth night, the Kumbal Perahera starts and goes on for the next five days.
In the beginning, the Devale Peraheras gather in front of the Sri Dalada Maligawa with their insignias placed on a dome like structure called ransivige. The relic casket, which contains a replica of the original tooth relic, is placed inside the ransivige and is attached to the Maligawa Elephant. Later, the Maligawa Perahera joins the waiting Devale Peraheras and the procession begins amidst the blowing of the conch shell. On the first elephant is the official called Peramuna Rala. Preceeding him are the whip crackers and the flag bearers while following him are the drummers, dancers, musicians and flagbearers. Next, the singers announce the arrival of the Maligawa Elephant. Following this elephant is the Diyawadana Nilame who was, in earlier times, required to do everything to ensure that the rains fall on right time. The four Devala processions follow next.
The final stage of the procession is the Randoli perahera (palanquin procession) which is very similar to the devala perahera. This is held after five days of Kumbal Perahera and terminates at the Adahanamaluva Gedige Vihara of the Asgiriya monastery. This is because originally, before being transferred to the shrine within the royal complex, the Tooth Relic was housed in this Vihara for a brief period of time. The procession ends with the firing of the cannon ball.
The next day, a day Perahera, consisting of Dalada and the Devala processions, starts from Maligava and returns to the Sacred Tooth Temple with the casket which had been kept in the monastery for the night.
The Hawk and the Tree
Afghanistanian Story: The sparrow hawk hung from one of the branches. The string on its foot was firmly caught in the tree, and the feathers the bird had shed in its death struggles were scattered all about...
For many long years a dead tree stood in our street. Nearby a cobbler had a small shop. He would open his shop early every morning and close it with a big lock at sunset each day. There were also two jobless men living on our street. I don't know why they had no jobs, but all they did every day was to sit loafing in the cobbler's shop, for all the world as though they were part of the furnishings.
One day when I passed the shop I noticed that the cobbler was not as happy and talkative as usual. He sat with a bowed head as though deep in thought. The two loafers also looked dejected and sat thinking with bowed heads. For a moment I thought they might be mimicking the cobbler, and perhaps that's what it was - a very stupid imitation.
Thinking something bad had happened, I approached the shop and spoke to the cobbler. "What's the matter?" I asked.
Slowly the cobbler raised his head and looked at me. Usually there was a merry spark in his eyes, but now I could see only some mute, vague sadness in them. And the two loafers also were looking at me with a blank expression on their faces.
"My sparrow hawk-it's escaped," the cobbler said.
At his words my heart was filled with pleasure. "How'd it get away?" I asked, feeling still more pleased by the thought of the hawk's freedom.
The cobbler must have seen that I was pleased, for suddenly he broke into boisterous laughter. The two loafers quickly jointed in. there was some sort of vengeful rage in the way the cobbler was laughing.
"Why do you laugh?" I asked him.
"Because, that damned hawk-it'll be dead soon enough," he said.
"Why should it die?" I asked.
"Because it still has a long string tied to its leg," he said, and the usual spark of merriment returned to his eyes. "Just as soon as that damned hawk lights in a tree, the string will get tangled in the branches, and the bird will be caught there until it dies." Again he laughed loudly and then added: "It's really a strong string; no bird can break it."
The pleasure in my heart had died, and I was filled with apprehension. The two loafers kept repeating the cobbler's words: "No bird can break it . . .no bird can break it."
"That hawk has carried its own death away with it," the cobbler said.
"You're very cruel," I said.
The spark was shining still brighter n his eyes. "I used to feed it live sparrows," he said. "It killed them and ate them gladly. But now it's flown away. I . . ."
I didn't wait to hear more but went on my way. His words kept echoing in my ears: "Because it still has a long string tied to its leg. It'll get tangled and the bird will be caught until it dies. It's a strong string: the hawk cannot break it . . . cannot break it . . ."
I had a bad night. I couldn't sleep. The gloomy darkness of the night pressed down upon my chest. Looking out the window, I saw the street sleeping in darkness. The black night had brought only gloom and grief. Again I tried to sleep. But somewhere inside me a thought was growing. I tried to pull the thought into my consciousness, but no matter how I tried, it could not show itself. Some power was holding the thought back, keeping it in hiding. The thought kept struggling to free itself. The night was passing, and I was afire with some mysterious fever.
In time the darkness began to disappear. In a state somewhere between sleeping and waking, I began to see that the world was full of strings. Long strings and short strings. Our street too was full of strings. Thick strings and thin strings. But all too strong to be broken. And suddenly I saw that each string was tied to someone's foot. Every person had a string tied to his foot. I too had a string on my foot.
I woke up, trembling. It was morning. A noisy shouting came from the street. I went out and saw a crowd gathered under the dead tree near the cobbler's shop. The cobbler too was there, dancing and shouting. When he saw me, he came dancing up to me and shouted: "See-I was right!"
"What do you mean?" I asked.
"Just come along," he said. Catching hold of my hand, he pulled me along to the dead tree, where he pointed to a branch and said: "Look! Just look!"
The sparrow hawk hung from one of the branches. The string on its foot was firmly caught in the tree, and the feathers the bird had shed in its death struggles were scattered all about. The bird was now quite dead. Its head hung down, and it was staring directly at me from lifeless eyes. It seemed I could hear the bird speaking, saying bitterly: "This is the end of the road."
"See?" said the cobbler. "Didn't I tell you it would be dead soon?"
The crowd kept shouting and pointing at the dead bird. Their eyes seemed alight with a foolish joy and satisfaction. I thought they were exulting: "How good that it's the bird that's been hung, not us!"
I looked at the people's feet. All of them were tied by strings. Strong strings. The cobbler's feet were tied too. The strings were all made of round links, and each link was in the form of a word. The word was Ego.
I burst into laughter. "Why are you laughing?" they asked me. Instead of answering them, I laughed louder and louder, until my laughter seemed to fill the street.
"Why are you laughing?" the cobbler screamed in a loud, heavy voice.
"All of you-all of you have strings tied on your feet too," I answered.
Frightened, they all looked at their feet and then asked: "Where? What strings?"
But I didn't answer: I was looking at my own feet. There was a string tied to me too, made of little links reading Ego . . . Ego . . . Ego . . .
So the thought that had been imprisoned in my subconscious had finally broken free and revealed itself. Suddenly, all the world seemed ridiculous, and I burst into laughter again.
Then all of us were hanging from the branches of the dead tree, each caught fast by one foot. The cobbler hung beside me, his face close to mine, a sad face that seemed to be saying: "That is the end of the road." The two loafers hung nearby, their faces filled with the same sadness-a very stupid imitation.
I caught sight of the hawk hanging from another branch. 'Why has it returned?" I asked myself. But then I saw there was a second string on its foot, a string that stretched all the way to the cobbler's shop. And this string was made of live sparrows!
Monday, July 11, 2011
Wednesday, June 22, 2011
physicsquestions
ENGINEERING PHYSICS II
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. State and explain de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves.
2. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation
3. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time dependent wave equation
4. Show that the energy of a particle in a one dimensional potential box is quantized
5. What is the physical significance of the wave function
6. What are the salient features of classical free electron theory. Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of relaxation time.
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Relaxation time
(b) Drift velocity
(c) Mean free path
(d) Mobility
8. Mention the assumptions made in quantum theory to overcome the drawbacks of free electron theory of metals
9. Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of electrons. Illustrate graphically the effect of temperature on the electron distribution
10. Explain the origin of electrical resistance in metals
11. State and explain the Bloch theorem
12. Discuss the motion of an electron moving in a periodic potential, using Kroenig Penny model
13. Explain the origin of energy bands in solids
14. Explain the classification of solids based on the energy band theory
15. Explain the concept of effective mass of an electron
16. Explain the following terms:
(a) Magnetic induction
(b) Relative permeability
(c) Magnetization
(d) Magnetic susceptibility
(e) Bring out the relationships between them
17. Explain the origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials
18. Explain in detail the classification of magnetic materials
19. Discuss with help of a neat diagram, the hysteresis loop observed in ferromagnetic materials
20. What are soft and hard magnetic materials, and compare the properties between them
21. Define superconductivity. Define the terms:
(a) Critical temperature
(b) Critical field
(c) Critical current
22. State and explain Meissner effect.
23. Explain the following properties of Superconducting materials: (a) Field penetration and (b) Perfect diamagnetism
24. Explain the BCS theory of Superconductivity
25. Discuss DC and AC Josephson effects
26. What are type I and type II superconductors, and distinguish between them
27. What are the applications of superconductors
28. Explain the following terms:
(a) Dipole moment
(b) Electric polarization
(c) Dielectric constant
(d) Polarization vector
29. Explain the following terms:
(a) Electric flux density
(b) Electric susceptibility
(c) Polarizability
(d) Electric permittivity
30. Explain the electronic polarization in atoms and derive an expression for electronic polarizability in terms of radius of an atom
31. Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array of atoms subjected to an external field
32. Explain Claussius-Mosetti relation in dielectrics subjected to static fields
33. Write short notes on ferro and piezo electricity
34. Explain ionic and orientational polarizations
35. Write short notes on intrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration
36. State and explain Hall effect, and derive an expression fo the Hall coefficient of a semi conductor
37. Explain direct and indirect band gap semiconductors
38. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for p type semiconductors
39. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for n type semiconductors
40. Discuss the frequency dependence of various polarization processes in dielectric materials
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. State and explain de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves.
2. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation
3. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time dependent wave equation
4. Show that the energy of a particle in a one dimensional potential box is quantized
5. What is the physical significance of the wave function
6. What are the salient features of classical free electron theory. Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of relaxation time.
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Relaxation time
(b) Drift velocity
(c) Mean free path
(d) Mobility
8. Mention the assumptions made in quantum theory to overcome the drawbacks of free electron theory of metals
9. Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of electrons. Illustrate graphically the effect of temperature on the electron distribution
10. Explain the origin of electrical resistance in metals
11. State and explain the Bloch theorem
12. Discuss the motion of an electron moving in a periodic potential, using Kroenig Penny model
13. Explain the origin of energy bands in solids
14. Explain the classification of solids based on the energy band theory
15. Explain the concept of effective mass of an electron
16. Explain the following terms:
(a) Magnetic induction
(b) Relative permeability
(c) Magnetization
(d) Magnetic susceptibility
(e) Bring out the relationships between them
17. Explain the origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials
18. Explain in detail the classification of magnetic materials
19. Discuss with help of a neat diagram, the hysteresis loop observed in ferromagnetic materials
20. What are soft and hard magnetic materials, and compare the properties between them
21. Define superconductivity. Define the terms:
(a) Critical temperature
(b) Critical field
(c) Critical current
22. State and explain Meissner effect.
23. Explain the following properties of Superconducting materials: (a) Field penetration and (b) Perfect diamagnetism
24. Explain the BCS theory of Superconductivity
25. Discuss DC and AC Josephson effects
26. What are type I and type II superconductors, and distinguish between them
27. What are the applications of superconductors
28. Explain the following terms:
(a) Dipole moment
(b) Electric polarization
(c) Dielectric constant
(d) Polarization vector
29. Explain the following terms:
(a) Electric flux density
(b) Electric susceptibility
(c) Polarizability
(d) Electric permittivity
30. Explain the electronic polarization in atoms and derive an expression for electronic polarizability in terms of radius of an atom
31. Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array of atoms subjected to an external field
32. Explain Claussius-Mosetti relation in dielectrics subjected to static fields
33. Write short notes on ferro and piezo electricity
34. Explain ionic and orientational polarizations
35. Write short notes on intrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration
36. State and explain Hall effect, and derive an expression fo the Hall coefficient of a semi conductor
37. Explain direct and indirect band gap semiconductors
38. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for p type semiconductors
39. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for n type semiconductors
40. Discuss the frequency dependence of various polarization processes in dielectric materials
Saturday, June 18, 2011
Story
Story of Appreciation
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
II sem End Exams
VOCABULARY FOR 2ND SEMISTER END EXAM
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Sunday, June 12, 2011
Verbs
In English, a regular verb (EG: talk) has only two forms in the present tense; talk and talks
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Omission of Prepositions
Cases where Prepositions are omitted
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
Prepositions
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
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