The Cop and the Anthem
O.Henry
On his bench in Madison Square Soapy moved uneasily. When wild geese honk high of nights, and when women without sealskin coats grow kindto their husbands, and when Soapy moves uneasily on his bench in the park, you may know that winter is near at hand.
A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card. Jack
is kind to the regular denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair
warning of his annual call. At the corners of four streets he hands
his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All
Outdoors, so that the inhabitants thereof may make ready.
Soapy's mind became cognisant of the fact that the time had come for
him to resolve himself into a singular Committee of Ways and Means to
provide against the coming rigour. And therefore he moved uneasily
on his bench.
The hibernatorial ambitions of Soapy were not of the highest. In
them there were no considerations of Mediterranean cruises, of
soporific Southern skies drifting in the Vesuvian Bay. Three months
on the Island was what his soul craved. Three months of assured
board and bed and congenial company, safe from Boreas and bluecoats,
seemed to Soapy the essence of things desirable.
For years the hospitable Blackwell's had been his winter quarters.
Just as his more fortunate fellow New Yorkers had bought their
tickets to Palm Beach and the Riviera each winter, so Soapy had made
his humble arrangements for his annual hegira to the Island. And now
the time was come. On the previous night three Sabbath newspapers,
distributed beneath his coat, about his ankles and over his lap, had
failed to repulse the cold as he slept on his bench near the spurting
fountain in the ancient square. So the Island loomed big and timely
in Soapy's mind. He scorned the provisions made in the name of
charity for the city's dependents. In Soapy's opinion the Law was
more benign than Philanthropy. There was an endless round of
institutions, municipal and eleemosynary, on which he might set out
and receive lodging and food accordant with the simple life. But to
one of Soapy's proud spirit the gifts of charity are encumbered. If
not in coin you must pay in humiliation of spirit for every benefit
received at the hands of philanthropy. As Caesar had his Brutus,
every bed of charity must have its toll of a bath, every loaf of
bread its compensation of a private and personal inquisition.
Wherefore it is better to be a guest of the law, which though
conducted by rules, does not meddle unduly with a gentleman's private
affairs.
Soapy, having decided to go to the Island, at once set about
accomplishing his desire. There were many easy ways of doing this.
The pleasantest was to dine luxuriously at some expensive restaurant;
and then, after declaring insolvency, be handed over quietly and
without uproar to a policeman. An accommodating magistrate would do
the rest.
Soapy left his bench and strolled out of the square and across the
level sea of asphalt, where Broadway and Fifth Avenue flow together.
Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering cafe, where are
gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grape, the
silkworm and the protoplasm.
Soapy had confidence in himself from the lowest button of his vest
upward. He was shaven, and his coat was decent and his neat black,
ready-tied four-in-hand had been presented to him by a lady
missionary on Thanksgiving Day. If he could reach a table in the
restaurant unsuspected success would be his. The portion of him that
would show above the table would raise no doubt in the waiter's mind.
A roasted mallard duck, thought Soapy, would be about the thing--with
a bottle of Chablis, and then Camembert, a demi-tasse and a cigar.
One dollar for the cigar would be enough. The total would not be so
high as to call forth any supreme manifestation of revenge from the
cafe management; and yet the meat would leave him filled and happy
for the journey to his winter refuge.
But as Soapy set foot inside the restaurant door the head waiter's
eye fell upon his frayed trousers and decadent shoes. Strong and
ready hands turned him about and conveyed him in silence and haste to
the sidewalk and averted the ignoble fate of the menaced mallard.
Soapy turned off Broadway. It seemed that his route to the coveted
island was not to be an epicurean one. Some other way of entering
limbo must be thought of.
At a corner of Sixth Avenue electric lights and cunningly displayed
wares behind plate-glass made a shop window conspicuous. Soapy took
a cobblestone and dashed it through the glass. People came running
around the corner, a policeman in the lead. Soapy stood still, with
his hands in his pockets, and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.
"Where's the man that done that?" inquired the officer excitedly.
"Don't you figure out that I might have had something to do with it?"
said Soapy, not without sarcasm, but friendly, as one greets good
fortune.
The policeman's mind refused to accept Soapy even as a clue. Men who
smash windows do not remain to parley with the law's minions. They
take to their heels. The policeman saw a man half way down the block
running to catch a car. With drawn club he joined in the pursuit.
Soapy, with disgust in his heart, loafed along, twice unsuccessful.
On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant of no great
pretensions. It catered to large appetites and modest purses. Its
crockery and atmosphere were thick; its soup and napery thin. Into
this place Soapy took his accusive shoes and telltale trousers
without challenge. At a table he sat and consumed beefsteak,
flapjacks, doughnuts and pie. And then to the waiter be betrayed the
fact that the minutest coin and himself were strangers.
"Now, get busy and call a cop," said Soapy. "And don't keep a
gentleman waiting."
"No cop for youse," said the waiter, with a voice like butter cakes
and an eye like the cherry in a Manhattan cocktail. "Hey, Con!"
Neatly upon his left ear on the callous pavement two waiters pitched
Soapy. He arose, joint by joint, as a carpenter's rule opens, and
beat the dust from his clothes. Arrest seemed but a rosy dream. The
Island seemed very far away. A policeman who stood before a drug
store two doors away laughed and walked down the street.
Five blocks Soapy travelled before his courage permitted him to woo
capture again. This time the opportunity presented what he fatuously
termed to himself a "cinch." A young woman of a modest and pleasing
guise was standing before a show window gazing with sprightly
interest at its display of shaving mugs and inkstands, and two yards
from the window a large policeman of severe demeanour leaned against
a water plug.
It was Soapy's design to assume the role of the despicable and
execrated "masher." The refined and elegant appearance of his victim
and the contiguity of the conscientious cop encouraged him to believe
that he would soon feel the pleasant official clutch upon his arm
that would insure his winter quarters on the right little, tight
little isle.
Soapy straightened the lady missionary's readymade tie, dragged his
shrinking cuffs into the open, set his hat at a killing cant and
sidled toward the young woman. He made eyes at her, was taken with
sudden coughs and "hems," smiled, smirked and went brazenly through
the impudent and contemptible litany of the "masher." With half an
eye Soapy saw that the policeman was watching him fixedly. The young
woman moved away a few steps, and again bestowed her absorbed
attention upon the shaving mugs. Soapy followed, boldly stepping to
her side, raised his hat and said:
"Ah there, Bedelia! Don't you want to come and play in my yard?"
The policeman was still looking. The persecuted young woman had but
to beckon a finger and Soapy would be practically en route for his
insular haven. Already he imagined he could feel the cozy warmth of
the station-house. The young woman faced him and, stretching out a
hand, caught Soapy's coat sleeve.
Sure, Mike," she said joyfully, "if you'll blow me to a pail of suds.
I'd have spoke to you sooner, but the cop was watching."
With the young woman playing the clinging ivy to his oak Soapy walked
past the policeman overcome with gloom. He seemed doomed to liberty.
At the next corner he shook off his companion and ran. He halted in
the district where by night are found the lightest streets, hearts,
vows and librettos.
Women in furs and men in greatcoats moved gaily in the wintry air. A
sudden fear seized Soapy that some dreadful enchantment had rendered
him immune to arrest. The thought brought a little of panic upon it,
and when he came upon another policeman lounging grandly in front of
a transplendent theatre he caught at the immediate straw of
"disorderly conduct."
On the sidewalk Soapy began to yell drunken gibberish at the top of
his harsh voice. He danced, howled, raved and otherwise disturbed
the welkin.
The policeman twirled his club, turned his back to Soapy and remarked
to a citizen.
"'Tis one of them Yale lads celebratin' the goose egg they give to
the Hartford College. Noisy; but no harm. We've instructions to
lave them be."
Disconsolate, Soapy ceased his unavailing racket. Would never a
policeman lay hands on him? In his fancy the Island seemed an
unattainable Arcadia. He buttoned his thin coat against the chilling
wind.
In a cigar store he saw a well-dressed man lighting a cigar at a
swinging light. His silk umbrella he had set by the door on
entering. Soapy stepped inside, secured the umbrella and sauntered
off with it slowly. The man at the cigar light followed hastily.
"My umbrella," he said, sternly.
"Oh, is it?" sneered Soapy, adding insult to petit larceny. "Well,
why don't you call a policeman? I took it. Your umbrella! Why
don't you call a cop? There stands one on the corner."
The umbrella owner slowed his steps. Soapy did likewise, with a
presentiment that luck would again run against him. The policeman
looked at the two curiously.
"Of course," said the umbrella man--"that is--well, you know how
these mistakes occur--I--if it's your umbrella I hope you'll excuse
me--I picked it up this morning in a restaurant--If you recognise it
as yours, why--I hope you'll--"
"Of course it's mine," said Soapy, viciously.
The ex-umbrella man retreated. The policeman hurried to assist a
tall blonde in an opera cloak across the street in front of a street
car that was approaching two blocks away.
Soapy walked eastward through a street damaged by improvements. He
hurled the umbrella wrathfully into an excavation. He muttered
against the men who wear helmets and carry clubs. Because he wanted
to fall into their clutches, they seemed to regard him as a king who
could do no wrong.
At length Soapy reached one of the avenues to the east where the
glitter and turmoil was but faint. He set his face down this toward
Madison Square, for the homing instinct survives even when the home
is a park bench.
But on an unusually quiet corner Soapy came to a standstill. Here
was an old church, quaint and rambling and gabled. Through one
violet-stained window a soft light glowed, where, no doubt, the
organist loitered over the keys, making sure of his mastery of the
coming Sabbath anthem. For there drifted out to Soapy's ears sweet
music that caught and held him transfixed against the convolutions of
the iron fence.
The moon was above, lustrous and serene; vehicles and pedestrians
were few; sparrows twittered sleepily in the eaves--for a little
while the scene might have been a country churchyard. And the anthem
that the organist played cemented Soapy to the iron fence, for he had
known it well in the days when his life contained such things as
mothers and roses and ambitions and friends and immaculate thoughts
and collars.
The conjunction of Soapy's receptive state of mind and the influences
about the old church wrought a sudden and wonderful change in his
soul. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled,
the degraded days, unworthy desires, dead hopes, wrecked faculties
and base motives that made up his existence.
And also in a moment his heart responded thrillingly to this novel
mood. An instantaneous and strong impulse moved him to battle with
his desperate fate. He would pull himself out of the mire; he would
make a man of himself again; he would conquer the evil that had taken
possession of him. There was time; he was comparatively young yet;
he would resurrect his old eager ambitions and pursue them without
faltering. Those solemn but sweet organ notes had set up a
revolution in him. To-morrow he would go into the roaring downtown
district and find work. A fur importer had once offered him a place
as driver. He would find him to-morrow and ask for the position. He
would be somebody in the world. He would--
Soapy felt a hand laid on his arm. He looked quickly around into the
broad face of a policeman.
"What are you doin' here?" asked the officer.
"Nothin'," said Soapy.
"Then come along," said the policeman.
"Three months on the Island," said the Magistrate in the Police Court
the next morning.
II The Festival of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka
The Festival Of The Tooth
The Festival of the Tooth is celebrated in the Sri Lankan town of Kandy every year in the month of Asalha (July). The festival is dedicated to the sacred tooth relic which was brought from India and is now housed in the Sri Dalada Maligawa or The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic of the town. The festival is the time for great rejoice for the native people and even foreigners are not behind in celebration of the festival. They come from far and near to be a part of this festival which has now become one of the most famous events of not only the town but also the Buddhist world.
The History of the Sacred Tooth Relic
It was believed that if the Bodhi Tree that came into contact with the Buddha had the power to bring rains, then the parts of His own body had much greater power to invite rains. With this in mind, the sacred tooth relic was brought all the way from Kalinga in India to the island of Sri Lanka in the fourth century AD. At the time, the sacred tooth relic was brought to Sri Lanka, the king was Sri Megha varna. His name itself meant 'the Resplendent one whose complexion is that of the Rain-cloud'.
The time when the sacred tooth was brought to Sri Lanka was around six centuries after the sapling of the sacred Bodhi Tree was brought into the island country. However, very soon, the popularity of the sacred tooth surpassed that of the Bodhi Tree. The simple reason for this was that it could be moved any number of time from one place to another, very unlike the Bodhi Tree itself. Also, the possesion of the tooth relic soon became a matter of power and claim to rule the land. Whoever (kings) had the tooth relic had the authority to rule the land and tried every bit to avoid the relic from falling into hostile hand.
This is amply manifested in the attempt made by the kings when the Europeans enhanced their power in the island country. King Senarath quickly transported the relic a little distance away from Kandy when the Portuguese came to close for his comfort. Later, the significance of the tooth relic became known to the Europeans themselves. They wasted no time and made it their primary goal to get hold of the precious relic. The British succeeded in 1818, and the people themselves gave up all efforts to prevent the former from ruling them, all because the British possessed the tooth relic.
The Festival & Its Progress
As per history, a number of festivals were celebrated to honour the sacred tooth relic right from time it came to Sri Lanka. Initially, processions or peraheras were taken out for the tooth relic alone. However, later, the festival got incorporated with another festival meant to appease the rain god, the Esala peraheras. At this time, a Kandyan king, Kirti Shri Rajasinghe was in power and he made it possible for the common people to worship the relic by announcing that it would be taken out in a procession for the masses to see and offer their prayers. Before this, the tooth relic was the property of the king and the common people were not allowed to worship it.
The Procession Today
The Esala Perahera begins with a ceremony in which a young jack tree is cut and planted in the complex of the four devalas, or the four guardian gods, Natha, Vishnu, Katharagama and the goddess Pattini. In earlier times, this was aimed at seeking blessings for the king and the people. The successive five nights witness the Devala Peraheras taking place within the boundary of the four devalas. On the sixth night, the Kumbal Perahera starts and goes on for the next five days.
In the beginning, the Devale Peraheras gather in front of the Sri Dalada Maligawa with their insignias placed on a dome like structure called ransivige. The relic casket, which contains a replica of the original tooth relic, is placed inside the ransivige and is attached to the Maligawa Elephant. Later, the Maligawa Perahera joins the waiting Devale Peraheras and the procession begins amidst the blowing of the conch shell. On the first elephant is the official called Peramuna Rala. Preceeding him are the whip crackers and the flag bearers while following him are the drummers, dancers, musicians and flagbearers. Next, the singers announce the arrival of the Maligawa Elephant. Following this elephant is the Diyawadana Nilame who was, in earlier times, required to do everything to ensure that the rains fall on right time. The four Devala processions follow next.
The final stage of the procession is the Randoli perahera (palanquin procession) which is very similar to the devala perahera. This is held after five days of Kumbal Perahera and terminates at the Adahanamaluva Gedige Vihara of the Asgiriya monastery. This is because originally, before being transferred to the shrine within the royal complex, the Tooth Relic was housed in this Vihara for a brief period of time. The procession ends with the firing of the cannon ball.
The next day, a day Perahera, consisting of Dalada and the Devala processions, starts from Maligava and returns to the Sacred Tooth Temple with the casket which had been kept in the monastery for the night.
The Hawk and the Tree
Afghanistanian Story: The sparrow hawk hung from one of the branches. The string on its foot was firmly caught in the tree, and the feathers the bird had shed in its death struggles were scattered all about...
For many long years a dead tree stood in our street. Nearby a cobbler had a small shop. He would open his shop early every morning and close it with a big lock at sunset each day. There were also two jobless men living on our street. I don't know why they had no jobs, but all they did every day was to sit loafing in the cobbler's shop, for all the world as though they were part of the furnishings.
One day when I passed the shop I noticed that the cobbler was not as happy and talkative as usual. He sat with a bowed head as though deep in thought. The two loafers also looked dejected and sat thinking with bowed heads. For a moment I thought they might be mimicking the cobbler, and perhaps that's what it was - a very stupid imitation.
Thinking something bad had happened, I approached the shop and spoke to the cobbler. "What's the matter?" I asked.
Slowly the cobbler raised his head and looked at me. Usually there was a merry spark in his eyes, but now I could see only some mute, vague sadness in them. And the two loafers also were looking at me with a blank expression on their faces.
"My sparrow hawk-it's escaped," the cobbler said.
At his words my heart was filled with pleasure. "How'd it get away?" I asked, feeling still more pleased by the thought of the hawk's freedom.
The cobbler must have seen that I was pleased, for suddenly he broke into boisterous laughter. The two loafers quickly jointed in. there was some sort of vengeful rage in the way the cobbler was laughing.
"Why do you laugh?" I asked him.
"Because, that damned hawk-it'll be dead soon enough," he said.
"Why should it die?" I asked.
"Because it still has a long string tied to its leg," he said, and the usual spark of merriment returned to his eyes. "Just as soon as that damned hawk lights in a tree, the string will get tangled in the branches, and the bird will be caught there until it dies." Again he laughed loudly and then added: "It's really a strong string; no bird can break it."
The pleasure in my heart had died, and I was filled with apprehension. The two loafers kept repeating the cobbler's words: "No bird can break it . . .no bird can break it."
"That hawk has carried its own death away with it," the cobbler said.
"You're very cruel," I said.
The spark was shining still brighter n his eyes. "I used to feed it live sparrows," he said. "It killed them and ate them gladly. But now it's flown away. I . . ."
I didn't wait to hear more but went on my way. His words kept echoing in my ears: "Because it still has a long string tied to its leg. It'll get tangled and the bird will be caught until it dies. It's a strong string: the hawk cannot break it . . . cannot break it . . ."
I had a bad night. I couldn't sleep. The gloomy darkness of the night pressed down upon my chest. Looking out the window, I saw the street sleeping in darkness. The black night had brought only gloom and grief. Again I tried to sleep. But somewhere inside me a thought was growing. I tried to pull the thought into my consciousness, but no matter how I tried, it could not show itself. Some power was holding the thought back, keeping it in hiding. The thought kept struggling to free itself. The night was passing, and I was afire with some mysterious fever.
In time the darkness began to disappear. In a state somewhere between sleeping and waking, I began to see that the world was full of strings. Long strings and short strings. Our street too was full of strings. Thick strings and thin strings. But all too strong to be broken. And suddenly I saw that each string was tied to someone's foot. Every person had a string tied to his foot. I too had a string on my foot.
I woke up, trembling. It was morning. A noisy shouting came from the street. I went out and saw a crowd gathered under the dead tree near the cobbler's shop. The cobbler too was there, dancing and shouting. When he saw me, he came dancing up to me and shouted: "See-I was right!"
"What do you mean?" I asked.
"Just come along," he said. Catching hold of my hand, he pulled me along to the dead tree, where he pointed to a branch and said: "Look! Just look!"
The sparrow hawk hung from one of the branches. The string on its foot was firmly caught in the tree, and the feathers the bird had shed in its death struggles were scattered all about. The bird was now quite dead. Its head hung down, and it was staring directly at me from lifeless eyes. It seemed I could hear the bird speaking, saying bitterly: "This is the end of the road."
"See?" said the cobbler. "Didn't I tell you it would be dead soon?"
The crowd kept shouting and pointing at the dead bird. Their eyes seemed alight with a foolish joy and satisfaction. I thought they were exulting: "How good that it's the bird that's been hung, not us!"
I looked at the people's feet. All of them were tied by strings. Strong strings. The cobbler's feet were tied too. The strings were all made of round links, and each link was in the form of a word. The word was Ego.
I burst into laughter. "Why are you laughing?" they asked me. Instead of answering them, I laughed louder and louder, until my laughter seemed to fill the street.
"Why are you laughing?" the cobbler screamed in a loud, heavy voice.
"All of you-all of you have strings tied on your feet too," I answered.
Frightened, they all looked at their feet and then asked: "Where? What strings?"
But I didn't answer: I was looking at my own feet. There was a string tied to me too, made of little links reading Ego . . . Ego . . . Ego . . .
So the thought that had been imprisoned in my subconscious had finally broken free and revealed itself. Suddenly, all the world seemed ridiculous, and I burst into laughter again.
Then all of us were hanging from the branches of the dead tree, each caught fast by one foot. The cobbler hung beside me, his face close to mine, a sad face that seemed to be saying: "That is the end of the road." The two loafers hung nearby, their faces filled with the same sadness-a very stupid imitation.
I caught sight of the hawk hanging from another branch. 'Why has it returned?" I asked myself. But then I saw there was a second string on its foot, a string that stretched all the way to the cobbler's shop. And this string was made of live sparrows!
Monday, July 11, 2011
Wednesday, June 22, 2011
physicsquestions
ENGINEERING PHYSICS II
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. State and explain de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves.
2. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation
3. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time dependent wave equation
4. Show that the energy of a particle in a one dimensional potential box is quantized
5. What is the physical significance of the wave function
6. What are the salient features of classical free electron theory. Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of relaxation time.
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Relaxation time
(b) Drift velocity
(c) Mean free path
(d) Mobility
8. Mention the assumptions made in quantum theory to overcome the drawbacks of free electron theory of metals
9. Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of electrons. Illustrate graphically the effect of temperature on the electron distribution
10. Explain the origin of electrical resistance in metals
11. State and explain the Bloch theorem
12. Discuss the motion of an electron moving in a periodic potential, using Kroenig Penny model
13. Explain the origin of energy bands in solids
14. Explain the classification of solids based on the energy band theory
15. Explain the concept of effective mass of an electron
16. Explain the following terms:
(a) Magnetic induction
(b) Relative permeability
(c) Magnetization
(d) Magnetic susceptibility
(e) Bring out the relationships between them
17. Explain the origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials
18. Explain in detail the classification of magnetic materials
19. Discuss with help of a neat diagram, the hysteresis loop observed in ferromagnetic materials
20. What are soft and hard magnetic materials, and compare the properties between them
21. Define superconductivity. Define the terms:
(a) Critical temperature
(b) Critical field
(c) Critical current
22. State and explain Meissner effect.
23. Explain the following properties of Superconducting materials: (a) Field penetration and (b) Perfect diamagnetism
24. Explain the BCS theory of Superconductivity
25. Discuss DC and AC Josephson effects
26. What are type I and type II superconductors, and distinguish between them
27. What are the applications of superconductors
28. Explain the following terms:
(a) Dipole moment
(b) Electric polarization
(c) Dielectric constant
(d) Polarization vector
29. Explain the following terms:
(a) Electric flux density
(b) Electric susceptibility
(c) Polarizability
(d) Electric permittivity
30. Explain the electronic polarization in atoms and derive an expression for electronic polarizability in terms of radius of an atom
31. Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array of atoms subjected to an external field
32. Explain Claussius-Mosetti relation in dielectrics subjected to static fields
33. Write short notes on ferro and piezo electricity
34. Explain ionic and orientational polarizations
35. Write short notes on intrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration
36. State and explain Hall effect, and derive an expression fo the Hall coefficient of a semi conductor
37. Explain direct and indirect band gap semiconductors
38. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for p type semiconductors
39. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for n type semiconductors
40. Discuss the frequency dependence of various polarization processes in dielectric materials
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. State and explain de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves.
2. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation
3. Derive the 3 dimensional Schrodinger’s time dependent wave equation
4. Show that the energy of a particle in a one dimensional potential box is quantized
5. What is the physical significance of the wave function
6. What are the salient features of classical free electron theory. Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of relaxation time.
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Relaxation time
(b) Drift velocity
(c) Mean free path
(d) Mobility
8. Mention the assumptions made in quantum theory to overcome the drawbacks of free electron theory of metals
9. Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of electrons. Illustrate graphically the effect of temperature on the electron distribution
10. Explain the origin of electrical resistance in metals
11. State and explain the Bloch theorem
12. Discuss the motion of an electron moving in a periodic potential, using Kroenig Penny model
13. Explain the origin of energy bands in solids
14. Explain the classification of solids based on the energy band theory
15. Explain the concept of effective mass of an electron
16. Explain the following terms:
(a) Magnetic induction
(b) Relative permeability
(c) Magnetization
(d) Magnetic susceptibility
(e) Bring out the relationships between them
17. Explain the origin of magnetic moment in magnetic materials
18. Explain in detail the classification of magnetic materials
19. Discuss with help of a neat diagram, the hysteresis loop observed in ferromagnetic materials
20. What are soft and hard magnetic materials, and compare the properties between them
21. Define superconductivity. Define the terms:
(a) Critical temperature
(b) Critical field
(c) Critical current
22. State and explain Meissner effect.
23. Explain the following properties of Superconducting materials: (a) Field penetration and (b) Perfect diamagnetism
24. Explain the BCS theory of Superconductivity
25. Discuss DC and AC Josephson effects
26. What are type I and type II superconductors, and distinguish between them
27. What are the applications of superconductors
28. Explain the following terms:
(a) Dipole moment
(b) Electric polarization
(c) Dielectric constant
(d) Polarization vector
29. Explain the following terms:
(a) Electric flux density
(b) Electric susceptibility
(c) Polarizability
(d) Electric permittivity
30. Explain the electronic polarization in atoms and derive an expression for electronic polarizability in terms of radius of an atom
31. Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array of atoms subjected to an external field
32. Explain Claussius-Mosetti relation in dielectrics subjected to static fields
33. Write short notes on ferro and piezo electricity
34. Explain ionic and orientational polarizations
35. Write short notes on intrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration
36. State and explain Hall effect, and derive an expression fo the Hall coefficient of a semi conductor
37. Explain direct and indirect band gap semiconductors
38. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for p type semiconductors
39. Write short notes on extrinsic semi-conductors, and derive an expression for carrier concentration for n type semiconductors
40. Discuss the frequency dependence of various polarization processes in dielectric materials
Saturday, June 18, 2011
Story
Story of Appreciation
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
Story of Appreciation
One young academically excellent person went to apply for a managerial position in a big company.
He passed the first interview, the director did the last interview, made
the last decision.
The director discovered from the CV that the youth's academic
achievements were excellent all the way, from the secondary school until the postgraduate research, never had a year when he did not score.
The director asked, "Did you obtain any scholarships in school?" the
youth answered "none".
The director asked, " Was it your father who paid for your school fees?" The youth answered, "My father passed away when I was one year old, it was my mother who paid for my school fees.
The director asked, " Where did your mother work?" The youth answered, "My mother worked as clothes cleaner. The director requested the youth to show his hands. The youth showed a pair of hands that were smooth and perfect.
The director asked, " Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes
before?" The youth answered, "Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books. Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.
The director said, "I have a request. When you go back today, go and
clean your mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*
The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. His
mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed her hands to the kid.
The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did
that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some bruises were so painful that his mother
shivered when they were cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay the school fee. The bruises in the mother's hands were the price that the mother had to pay for his
graduation, academic excellence and his future.
After finishing the cleaning of his mother hands, the youth quietly washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.
That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.
Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.
The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked: " Can you tell me
what have you done and learned yesterday in your house?"
The youth answered, " I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished
cleaning all the remaining clothes'
The Director asked, " please tell me your feelings."
The youth said, Number 1, I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would not the successful me today. Number 2, by working together and helping
my mother, only I now realize how difficult and tough it is to get something done. Number 3, I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family relationship.
The director said, " This is what I am looking for to be my manager.
I want to recruit a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who knows the sufferings of
others to get things done, and a person who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.
Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.
A child, who has been protected and habitually given whatever he wanted, would develop "entitlement mentality" and would always put himself first. He would be ignorant of his parent's efforts. When he starts work, he assumes that every person must listen to him, and when he becomes a manager, he would never know the sufferings of his employees and would always blame others. For this kind of people, who may be good academically, may be successful for a while, but eventually would not feel sense of achievement. He will grumble and be full of hatred and fight for more. If we are this kind of protective parents, are we really showing love or are we destroying the kid instead?*
You can let your kid live in a big house, eat a good meal, learn. But when you are cutting grass, please let them experience it. After a meal, let them wash their plates and bowls together with their brothers and sisters. It is not because you do not have money to hire a maid, but it is because you want to love them in a right way. You want them to understand, no matter how rich their parents are, one day their hair will grow gray, same as the mother of that young person. The most important thing is your kid learns how to appreciate the effort and experience the difficulty and learns the ability to work with others to get things done.
Share this story to as many as possible...this may change somebody's fate.
II sem End Exams
VOCABULARY FOR 2ND SEMISTER END EXAM
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
Sunday, June 12, 2011
Verbs
In English, a regular verb (EG: talk) has only two forms in the present tense; talk and talks
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Omission of Prepositions
Cases where Prepositions are omitted
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
Prepositions
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
Omission of articles..
Cases where articles should not be used
With uncountable nouns
Articles are not used with uncountable nouns when we make general statements.
I love coffee. (NOT... a coffee OR the coffee)
Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
With the names of countries
We do not use articles with the names of countries.
Japan is a developed nation. (NOT The Japan)
I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT …the South Africa)
But we use 'the' if the name of the country or organization specifically states that it is a collection of states. (For example, The United States, The United Arab Emirates, The United Nations etc.)
He is leaving for the United States tomorrow.
The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
With the names of languages
We do not use articles with the names of languages.
Hindi is the national language of India.
It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
With the names of meals
We do not use articles with the names of meals.
We have lunch at midday. (NOT...the lunch)
We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
With proper nouns
We do not use articles with proper nouns (the names of people, places etc.)
Alice is an architect. (NOT The Alice or a Alice)
Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
But we use 'the' with plural names.
We are having dinner with the Smiths.
The Sharmas are very kind.
With titles and names
We do not use articles with titles and names.
Princess Diana was killed in a car accident.
President Kennedy was assassinated.
But we say, the queen of England, the President of USA
With years
We do not use articles before years.
India won freedom in 1947. (NOT...in the 1947)
I was born in 1979.
With possessives and demonstratives
We do not use articles before possessives (my, your, their etc.) and demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
This is my book. (NOT This is a my book.)
I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
With days
Articles are not used to talk about the coming or last day/month.
See you on Friday. (=Coming Friday)
We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT …the next week.)
But we use articles with the names of days of the week and months if we are talking about particular days or months.
We met on a rainy Friday.
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
The articles are not used:
1. Before proper, material and abstract nouns used in a general sense:
London, France, Tom, gold, rice, honesty, virtue
Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris is …)
Gold is a precious metal. (NOT The gold is a …)
Honesty is the best policy.
But we say, the United States, the United Arab Emirates etc.
2. Before a common noun used in its commonest sense:
Man is mortal.
Iron is a useful metal.
3. In certain phrases made up of a preposition + noun:
Examples are: on foot, at school, from top to bottom, at home, in bed, by train, by car, in debt, in hand, on earth, at noon, on board, in jest, at best, at worst etc.
He is in debt. (NOT He is in the debt.)
He is at school. (NOT He is at the school.)
He spent the whole day in bed.
4. In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and its object:
Give ear, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire, take offence, leave office, leave home, leave office etc.
He took offence at my words. (BUT NOT He took the offence at my words.)
She left home in the morning. (BUT NOT She left the home in the morning.)
5. Before the names of continents, countries, capes, cities, towns, days, months, arts, languages, sciences, some diseases etc.
January, March, physics, English, Tokyo, Beijing, Delhi, Tuesday, Friday, Asia, America etc.
December is a cold month.
English is spoken all over the world.
6. Before common nouns when they go in pairs:
Both husband and wife received serious injuries.
7. Before plural nouns used to denote a class:
Apples are red.
Camels are useful animals.
Warm clothes are necessary in cold climates.
8. Before the nouns following kind of:
What kind of flower is it? (NOT What kind of a flower is it?)
9. Before meal-time
He was at dinner.
Breakfast was served at night. (BUT NOT The breakfast was served at night.)
Some special points
Compare the pairs of sentences given below:
I have a black and white cow. (Only one cow)
I have a black and a white cow. (Two cows)
The secretary and accountant is present. (Here the nouns secretary and accountant refer to the same person.)
The secretary and the accountant were present. (Here the repetition of the articles implies that the secretary and the accountant are different persons.)
Articles are not used:
1. before the name of a person:
Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson)
2. before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road.
Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.)
3. before names of materials.
Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.)
4. before abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Example: You cannot buy happiness.
4. Difference in Meaning with Use of Articles
It helps to observe the following rules:
When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective.
EXAMPLE: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.)
When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective
With uncountable nouns
Articles are not used with uncountable nouns when we make general statements.
I love coffee. (NOT... a coffee OR the coffee)
Milk is rich in nutrients. (NOT The milk OR a milk)
We can't do without water. (NOT The water OR a water)
She likes reading books. (NOT...the reading books OR a reading books)
With the names of countries
We do not use articles with the names of countries.
Japan is a developed nation. (NOT The Japan)
I have been to England. (NOT...to the England)
India is a secular republic. (NOT The India)
He has just returned from South Africa. (NOT …the South Africa)
But we use 'the' if the name of the country or organization specifically states that it is a collection of states. (For example, The United States, The United Arab Emirates, The United Nations etc.)
He is leaving for the United States tomorrow.
The United Nations is an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
With the names of languages
We do not use articles with the names of languages.
Hindi is the national language of India.
It is not easy to learn French.
English is spoken in many parts of the world.
With the names of meals
We do not use articles with the names of meals.
We have lunch at midday. (NOT...the lunch)
We have dinner in the evening. (NOT...the dinner)
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. (NOT...the breakfast)
With proper nouns
We do not use articles with proper nouns (the names of people, places etc.)
Alice is an architect. (NOT The Alice or a Alice)
Mary is my friend. (NOT The Mary)
Delhi is the capital of India.
But we use 'the' with plural names.
We are having dinner with the Smiths.
The Sharmas are very kind.
With titles and names
We do not use articles with titles and names.
Princess Diana was killed in a car accident.
President Kennedy was assassinated.
But we say, the queen of England, the President of USA
With years
We do not use articles before years.
India won freedom in 1947. (NOT...in the 1947)
I was born in 1979.
With possessives and demonstratives
We do not use articles before possessives (my, your, their etc.) and demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
This is my book. (NOT This is a my book.)
I like this car. (NOT I like the this car.)
With days
Articles are not used to talk about the coming or last day/month.
See you on Friday. (=Coming Friday)
We are leaving for the US next week. (NOT …the next week.)
But we use articles with the names of days of the week and months if we are talking about particular days or months.
We met on a rainy Friday.
It was a wet Monday in May.
She died on the Thursday after the accident.
The articles are not used:
1. Before proper, material and abstract nouns used in a general sense:
London, France, Tom, gold, rice, honesty, virtue
Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris is …)
Gold is a precious metal. (NOT The gold is a …)
Honesty is the best policy.
But we say, the United States, the United Arab Emirates etc.
2. Before a common noun used in its commonest sense:
Man is mortal.
Iron is a useful metal.
3. In certain phrases made up of a preposition + noun:
Examples are: on foot, at school, from top to bottom, at home, in bed, by train, by car, in debt, in hand, on earth, at noon, on board, in jest, at best, at worst etc.
He is in debt. (NOT He is in the debt.)
He is at school. (NOT He is at the school.)
He spent the whole day in bed.
4. In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and its object:
Give ear, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire, take offence, leave office, leave home, leave office etc.
He took offence at my words. (BUT NOT He took the offence at my words.)
She left home in the morning. (BUT NOT She left the home in the morning.)
5. Before the names of continents, countries, capes, cities, towns, days, months, arts, languages, sciences, some diseases etc.
January, March, physics, English, Tokyo, Beijing, Delhi, Tuesday, Friday, Asia, America etc.
December is a cold month.
English is spoken all over the world.
6. Before common nouns when they go in pairs:
Both husband and wife received serious injuries.
7. Before plural nouns used to denote a class:
Apples are red.
Camels are useful animals.
Warm clothes are necessary in cold climates.
8. Before the nouns following kind of:
What kind of flower is it? (NOT What kind of a flower is it?)
9. Before meal-time
He was at dinner.
Breakfast was served at night. (BUT NOT The breakfast was served at night.)
Some special points
Compare the pairs of sentences given below:
I have a black and white cow. (Only one cow)
I have a black and a white cow. (Two cows)
The secretary and accountant is present. (Here the nouns secretary and accountant refer to the same person.)
The secretary and the accountant were present. (Here the repetition of the articles implies that the secretary and the accountant are different persons.)
Articles are not used:
1. before the name of a person:
Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson)
2. before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road.
Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.)
3. before names of materials.
Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.)
4. before abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Example: You cannot buy happiness.
4. Difference in Meaning with Use of Articles
It helps to observe the following rules:
When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective.
EXAMPLE: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.)
When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective
Articles
Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The":
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
uses of articles
In English, knowing when to use 'a' or 'the' can be difficult. Fortunately, there are rules to help you, but you need to know what type of noun you are using.
Grammar rule 1
When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3
You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen.
"Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.
"The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
"The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
More uses of articles in English
Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use 'the'.
For example, "The Thames", "The Alps", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The Middle East".
Unique things have 'the'.
For example, "the sun", "the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'.
"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)
"She goes to the prison to see him once a month."
"My son is in school." (He's a student.)
"I'm going to the school to see the head master."
"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)
"Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon."
Musical instruments use 'the'.
"She plays the piano."
Sports don't have an article.
"He plays football."
Illnesses don't have an article.
"He's got appendicitis."
But we say "a cold" and "a headache".
Jobs use 'a'.
"I'm a teacher."
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. "The People's Republic of China", "The Netherlands", "The United States of America".
Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".
Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'.
"The Odeon", "The Almeira", "The Hilton".
Abbreviations use 'the'.
"the UN", "the USA", "the IMF".
We use 'the' before classes of people.
"the rich", "the poor", "the British".
Grammar rule 1
When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3
You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen.
"Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.
"The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
"The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
More uses of articles in English
Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use 'the'.
For example, "The Thames", "The Alps", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The Middle East".
Unique things have 'the'.
For example, "the sun", "the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'.
"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)
"She goes to the prison to see him once a month."
"My son is in school." (He's a student.)
"I'm going to the school to see the head master."
"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)
"Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon."
Musical instruments use 'the'.
"She plays the piano."
Sports don't have an article.
"He plays football."
Illnesses don't have an article.
"He's got appendicitis."
But we say "a cold" and "a headache".
Jobs use 'a'.
"I'm a teacher."
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. "The People's Republic of China", "The Netherlands", "The United States of America".
Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".
Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'.
"The Odeon", "The Almeira", "The Hilton".
Abbreviations use 'the'.
"the UN", "the USA", "the IMF".
We use 'the' before classes of people.
"the rich", "the poor", "the British".
GD topics
GD Topics
• Cricket as a national obsession is a detriment to other sports.
• To develop India has to empower women.
• Advertising is a waste of resources.
• Privatization will lead to less corruption.
• Joint family is a blessing in disguise.
• Women cannot successfully combine both career and home.
• Women are good managers.
• Money is required to earn more money.
• All Work And No Play Makes Jack A Dull Boy
• Are women As good as Men Or Inferior?
• Nothing Succeeds Like Success?
• Age and Youth: Experience And Young Talent
• Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished
• Tuitions Should Be Banned
• Indian Cricket Team Shouldn't Be Allowed To Play Abroad
• Who is responsible for eve TEASING: Boys or Girl.
• Is cricket hampering the growth of other sports in India
• Why drinking and driving is dangerous to yourself and others
• Advantages of Co-education.
• Cricket as a national obsession is a detriment to other sports.
• To develop India has to empower women.
• Advertising is a waste of resources.
• Privatization will lead to less corruption.
• Joint family is a blessing in disguise.
• Women cannot successfully combine both career and home.
• Women are good managers.
• Money is required to earn more money.
• All Work And No Play Makes Jack A Dull Boy
• Are women As good as Men Or Inferior?
• Nothing Succeeds Like Success?
• Age and Youth: Experience And Young Talent
• Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished
• Tuitions Should Be Banned
• Indian Cricket Team Shouldn't Be Allowed To Play Abroad
• Who is responsible for eve TEASING: Boys or Girl.
• Is cricket hampering the growth of other sports in India
• Why drinking and driving is dangerous to yourself and others
• Advantages of Co-education.
Tips for Gd
Be Yourself. You can only act as yourself. All others acts fail, or at least these exercises are attempting to fail such acts. It is easier conversing being you.
b) Take time to organize your thoughts. During the discussion there will a lot many points. You might be nodding your head to many of them. But do not pitch in to say anything as soon as it is put on table. Think of the pros and cons. Take time to organize your thoughts and put them across once you are confident.
c) The panel is listening to you always. Do not try to convince them or look for an acknowledgment. It is the group which matters here-stick to them.
d) Seek clarifications if you have any doubts regarding the subject, before the discussion commences.
e) First impressions speak a lot of you. So make sure to show the right gestures, the right words and more importantly the right spirits.
f) Never try to show your dominance. Be assertive, speak yourself and let others speak as well.
g) Don’t lose your temper. Remember everyone is a participant there. They are putting across their point. Be logical and break down your answer to acceptable chunks. This will help you in confrontations
h) Show your leadership skills. Building a consensus needs leadership skills. Steers the discussion in right track also try to make all participants speak-this would help in consensus building.
i) Any outrageous act is sure to seize interest but least expects them to sustain that interest.
I hope this series of articles on GD helped you up your ante for real life battles. Best of luck!
b) Take time to organize your thoughts. During the discussion there will a lot many points. You might be nodding your head to many of them. But do not pitch in to say anything as soon as it is put on table. Think of the pros and cons. Take time to organize your thoughts and put them across once you are confident.
c) The panel is listening to you always. Do not try to convince them or look for an acknowledgment. It is the group which matters here-stick to them.
d) Seek clarifications if you have any doubts regarding the subject, before the discussion commences.
e) First impressions speak a lot of you. So make sure to show the right gestures, the right words and more importantly the right spirits.
f) Never try to show your dominance. Be assertive, speak yourself and let others speak as well.
g) Don’t lose your temper. Remember everyone is a participant there. They are putting across their point. Be logical and break down your answer to acceptable chunks. This will help you in confrontations
h) Show your leadership skills. Building a consensus needs leadership skills. Steers the discussion in right track also try to make all participants speak-this would help in consensus building.
i) Any outrageous act is sure to seize interest but least expects them to sustain that interest.
I hope this series of articles on GD helped you up your ante for real life battles. Best of luck!
Debate Topics for lab exams
• Should school students face a mandatory drug test?
• Should students be required to wear a school uniform?
• Are the Olympic Games a waste of money? Or other debate speech topics on huge sports events.
• Is our nation still unprepared for disasters? Or other debate topic themes about safety.
• Should school prayer be prohibited?
• Should skateboards be prohibited on sidewalks?
• Should minorities be treated differentially?
• Should the age to vote be reduced to 16?
• Should the use of animals in sports and entertainment be banned?
• Should there be a curfew for people under 18 years to reduce crime?
• Does Hollywood movies have a bad influence on the world?
• Should homework assignments be limited to a maximum of three nights a week?
• Do school autorities have the right to search students’ lockers? Or other education related debate topic issues.
• Do adopted children have the right to know who their biological parents are?
• Should factory farming of chickens be banned?
• Are standardized test scores given over importance in school admissions?
• Just like women, should men get paternity leave from work?
• Is lottery a great way to make money?
• How much is too much homework
• Is cheating in exam halls inevitable?
• Are we over dependent on technology?
• Is Internet a safe haven for kids?
• Should animal research for experiments be banned?
• Is cigarette smoking a result of negative peer pressure?
• Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
• School's competency is best judged by test scores?
• Frugal living is a necessity now
• Should children be allowed in TV advertisements?
• Does video game violence trigger behavioral problems in kids?
• When should teenagers start taking their own decisions?
• Are sports, games and extra curricular activities in school a mere waste of time?
• Are free web cam chat for kids safe?
• Is it necessary to be fashionable?
• Do girls talk more than boys?
• Is co-education better than single sex school?
• Should students be allowed to award marks to their teachers?
• Should women and minorities be given special consideration during admission in educational institutions?
• Is homeschooling better than public schooling?
• Should teenagers watch TV news instead of violent movies?
• Is genetic engineering dangerous for ecology?
• Should fast food and drinks selling in schools be stopped?
• Vegetarian diet v/s non-vegetarian diet
• Swimming lessons mandatory for everyone
• Should students be required to wear a school uniform?
• Are the Olympic Games a waste of money? Or other debate speech topics on huge sports events.
• Is our nation still unprepared for disasters? Or other debate topic themes about safety.
• Should school prayer be prohibited?
• Should skateboards be prohibited on sidewalks?
• Should minorities be treated differentially?
• Should the age to vote be reduced to 16?
• Should the use of animals in sports and entertainment be banned?
• Should there be a curfew for people under 18 years to reduce crime?
• Does Hollywood movies have a bad influence on the world?
• Should homework assignments be limited to a maximum of three nights a week?
• Do school autorities have the right to search students’ lockers? Or other education related debate topic issues.
• Do adopted children have the right to know who their biological parents are?
• Should factory farming of chickens be banned?
• Are standardized test scores given over importance in school admissions?
• Just like women, should men get paternity leave from work?
• Is lottery a great way to make money?
• How much is too much homework
• Is cheating in exam halls inevitable?
• Are we over dependent on technology?
• Is Internet a safe haven for kids?
• Should animal research for experiments be banned?
• Is cigarette smoking a result of negative peer pressure?
• Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
• School's competency is best judged by test scores?
• Frugal living is a necessity now
• Should children be allowed in TV advertisements?
• Does video game violence trigger behavioral problems in kids?
• When should teenagers start taking their own decisions?
• Are sports, games and extra curricular activities in school a mere waste of time?
• Are free web cam chat for kids safe?
• Is it necessary to be fashionable?
• Do girls talk more than boys?
• Is co-education better than single sex school?
• Should students be allowed to award marks to their teachers?
• Should women and minorities be given special consideration during admission in educational institutions?
• Is homeschooling better than public schooling?
• Should teenagers watch TV news instead of violent movies?
• Is genetic engineering dangerous for ecology?
• Should fast food and drinks selling in schools be stopped?
• Vegetarian diet v/s non-vegetarian diet
• Swimming lessons mandatory for everyone
Key to the new model question paper
ENGLISH - II MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR SECOND SEMESTER END EXAMINATION JNTU KAKINADA
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. a. Draft an email to your friend advising her on health tips to be taken on a tour she is going on in the near future. 10 marks
To: quddus.afsha@gmail.com
Cc:
Bcc:
Subject: Health tips to be taken on a tour
Dear afsha,
I am happy to know that you are going on a tour. First of all I wish you Happy and safe journey. I want you to be healthy during your tour. Here are few tips please take care to follow them carefully.
Please pack your own personal first-aid kit. Carry medicine in your carry-on bags without fail. Be sure to travel with enough medicine for the duration of your tour. Pack a basic first-aid kit that includes: bandages, antiseptic wipes, ace wraps, moleskin (to cover blisters), digital thermometer, non-aspirin pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medicine. Please practice to do regular exercise program before you go on tour.
Buy a large bottle of water before you board in case the beverage service is limited or slow. Avoid drinking soft drinks and stick to water and fruit juices. Skip the coffee and tea, too. Don’t skip breakfast at the hotels. Drink lots of bottled water. Wash your hands before eating. Carry hand sanitizer. Eat fruit whenever it is served to you. Buy fruit only if you can wash or peel it. Pack some dried fruit, especially dried plums .Get enough sleep at night. Always have some plastic bags available just in case anyone feels nauseous.
Once again I wish you happy journey. Hope you will return safe and happy if you follow these tips.
Regards,
afsha.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions 5marks
i Things were different -when- I was young.
ii I do it -because- I like it.
iii Let us wait here -till- the rain stops.
iv You cannot be a lawyer -unless you have a law degree.
v That was years -and- years ago.
2. a. Write a situational dialogue between a Red Cross Volunteer and an earthquake victim. 10 marks
(refer Step By Step text, page123 )
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers –many, more, fewest, much, most 5 marks
There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China. The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia. Much research is conducted on this.
3. a. Due to recent floods in Nellore, some of the families became refugees and were in the care of your voluntary service organization. Write a Report on the situation and the help extended to them. 10 marks
Report of the Voluntary Service Organization on the help extended to Flood Victims
Nellore:
This is a report on the help extended to the Flood victims recently in Nellore by the Voluntary Services Organization.
Several areas in and around Nellore were affected by floods. Mypadu was severely affected due to the flood. The people in the affected area became homeless and some of the people lost their lives. Many of them were affected with water born diseases. Many people were starving for basic requirements like food, clothes and shelter. Media covered this entire scene and telecasted on the televisions. As a result many government organizations and Red Cross organizations came forward and extended a helping hand.
Thousands of local palm thatch homes were swept away by the storm and infrastructure was damaged to a great extent. Power lines were down, roads flooded and communication links were severed in many areas. Many people in the near by areas were evacuated and were provided shelter in safer places. The cyclone shelters built by the Red Cross Organization in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa rescued these people. This saved many lives by preventing people from epidemic diseases.
The Voluntary Service Organization Operations unit started to help the victims of the recent floods. Priorities were given to people with injuries and food water and shelter were provided to the thousands of people who were homeless. It was run by Students Volunteer Organization who tried to help as many victims as possible. They all joined their hands with government officials in helping the victims by shifting those victims to the safer places first. As many people as possible were helped get insurance for their houses and reconstruction of their houses at the earliest.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. 5 marks
i He left __x___ home without informing anyone.
ii There is -a- box of sweets on -the- table
iii Do you need -a- degree in Economics or -the- degree in finance to be a better manager?
iv When we arrived, she went straight to -the kitchen- and started to prepare x meal for us.
v He has a cut on his leg and a bruise on the chin.
4. a. Write an essay in about 400- 500 words on “Advantages and disadvantages of Vegetarian and non-vegetarian food” 10m
Ethical:
Food has a major role to play in our fitness. Researchers have repeatedly proved that healthy food is the main key to good health. By healthy food, it means the food that is nutritious and full of essential vitamins and minerals. Green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits are the best reserves of vital nutrients that safeguard our body against many diseases. Most importantly, water is the most essential requirement of our body. Be sure to drink at least eight to ten glasses of water daily to make our self plump and soft.
Before moving further, let us get started with some important foods that will not only make us healthy, but will also make one look young and radiant. Beans, pumpkin, oranges, and yoghurt are few of the many vegetarian foods that are sure to give us an endless aura. After all, ravishing beauty is what that comes from within. One can surely enhance one’s outer looks by expensive make-ups, but what and how he/she eats reflect the real beauty.
No specific food is responsible for specific health ailments. These super foods give a wide coverage for a variety of ailments including diabetes, cancer, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. They also help us to keep a check on your weight and make one look beautiful and glowing.
Let us take a look at some other super foods. Animal food is rich in proteins and proteins all know help in the wear and tear of our body. Fish, eggs, and animal meat keep one in a great shape.
Both diets are healthy if done correctly. And the pros and cons for each are probably similar. Meat is rich in protein, iron, vitamin B1 and niacin. Non-vegetarian food is a good source of excellent protein.
One of the advantages to the vegetarian diet is that it tends to be low in fat and cholesterol. As a result, a vegetarian diet can help one avoid heart problems and even cancer. However, one may also find that he/she is missing some important vitamins and minerals on a strictly vegetarian diet.
Advantages of vegetarian foods are:
• They are easily chewable, especially for the elderly who have lost their teeth.
• Many elderly feel that vegetarian food is more easily digestible.
• Vegetarian foods are cheaper than non-vegetarian foods.
• Some vegetables can be eaten raw preventing the loss of nutrients while cooking.
• Vegetarian foods do not contain as much fat as non-vegetarian foods.
Thus, Vegetarians should take care to include soya beans, groundnuts, lentils, mushrooms and so on to get a sufficient supply of proteins.
Advantages of Non-Vegetarian foods are:
• Non-vegetarian foods are rich in protein of high biological value and in Vitamin B complex, especially B12 which is not available in plant foods.
• Fish, especially the small varieties are a rich source of calcium.
• Egg-white is good source of protein and easily digested.
The incidence of high BP, Heart disease, Obesity and high cholesterol levels is found to be greater among non-vegetarians. Elders who suffer from these problems should reduce the intake of fleshy foods in their diet. Egg-white and most varieties of fish contain less fat, but are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the decision depends on various factors such as cultural or dietary habits of the family, personal preference, taste and avoidance of certain foods for health reasons. Whatever the case, a well-balanced diet supplying proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals should be taken.
b. Give the Synonyms of the following 5marks
Reduce, essential, conviction, summit, truce
1. Reduce: Decrease 2. Essential: Necessary 3.conviction: belief 4. Summit: peak 5. Truce: agreement
5. A. What are the factors that are helpful in preparing Power Point Presentation? Prepare a PPT in 6 slides about your favorite sports person. 10 marks
(Refer Step by Step page 179 to 181)
Slide -- 1
Slide --2
Slide --3
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions 5 marks
i His house looks -like- a temple
ii How many -of- the members will join the trip?
iii Don’t lean that ladder -against- the wall.
iv I don't usually feel tired -in- the morning.
v Have you heard anything -about- him yet?
6. a. Discuss in a situational dialogue with your friend the strategies that are helpful in eliminating stress. 10 marks.
Joshuva: Hi! Sagar. I hear your paper has been selected in International Seminar
for presentation. Congratulations!
Sagar: Thanks! Josh. It really is a great honour, and at the same time, a huge
challenge as well, especially with so many participants coming from all over the world. Frankly, I’m not sure I’ll be able to manage.
Joshuva: Don’t’t worry. If you prepare well you won’t feel nervous.
Sagar: Will you please help me giving some important tips to manage stress.
Joshuva: Why not, sure. First of all you jot the outline of your presentation on a
piece of paper.
Sagar: OK I will do that.
Joshuva: Don’t speak too fast or too slow. If you talk too fast, you risk the audience
not understanding what you are trying to say. If you talk too slow, your
audience might lose interest in what you are saying. Maintain a moderate
pace.
Sagar: Do you think I can manage well?
Joshuva: Be positive. Motivate yourself. Tell yourself things like- ‘I will make a
good presentation.’
Sagar: Ok dear. Thanks a lot. Is there anything else to help me manage my stress.
Joshuva: Last but not the least gather yourself together before presentation. Take a deep breath, and try to be relaxed and calm.
Sagar: Thanks a lot. I hope with these strategies I will definitely manage to do well without any stress.
Joshuva: All the Best. Take care. Bye.
Sagar: Thank. Bye.
b.Punctuate the given set of sentences. 5 marks
i. Did you go to School today?
ii. What a beautiful day!
iii. I like noodles, pizza, burger, etc.
iv. This is Suresh’s pen.
v. I don’t know your name.
7 a. What is the role of team work, motivation and commitment in the life of a sportsman? What is the importance of the above in a job ambience? 10 marks.
(Refer the dictated notes)
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate exclamations 5 marks
1 Wow! What a great game.
2. Ah! You came just in time
3. You won the competition. What an achievement!
4. Alas! I lost your pen. Ah! is it true?
8 a. You are the Chairman of NHAI. Write a letter responding to the appeal made by the ministry of road transportation about preventing the disruption of traffic on account of damages to road and bridges during natural disasters. 10marks
(Refer page 112 in Step by Step)
b. Match the words with phrases 5 marks
i. Easily (d) a) on the middle stump
ii. Stand (a) (b) on the wicket
iii. Applied (e) (c) into my body
iv. Bowl (c) (d) off the pads
v. Depending (b) (e) them to my batting
(1- d ,2- a, 3- e, 4- c, 5- b)
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. a. Draft an email to your friend advising her on health tips to be taken on a tour she is going on in the near future. 10 marks
To: quddus.afsha@gmail.com
Cc:
Bcc:
Subject: Health tips to be taken on a tour
Dear afsha,
I am happy to know that you are going on a tour. First of all I wish you Happy and safe journey. I want you to be healthy during your tour. Here are few tips please take care to follow them carefully.
Please pack your own personal first-aid kit. Carry medicine in your carry-on bags without fail. Be sure to travel with enough medicine for the duration of your tour. Pack a basic first-aid kit that includes: bandages, antiseptic wipes, ace wraps, moleskin (to cover blisters), digital thermometer, non-aspirin pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medicine. Please practice to do regular exercise program before you go on tour.
Buy a large bottle of water before you board in case the beverage service is limited or slow. Avoid drinking soft drinks and stick to water and fruit juices. Skip the coffee and tea, too. Don’t skip breakfast at the hotels. Drink lots of bottled water. Wash your hands before eating. Carry hand sanitizer. Eat fruit whenever it is served to you. Buy fruit only if you can wash or peel it. Pack some dried fruit, especially dried plums .Get enough sleep at night. Always have some plastic bags available just in case anyone feels nauseous.
Once again I wish you happy journey. Hope you will return safe and happy if you follow these tips.
Regards,
afsha.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions 5marks
i Things were different -when- I was young.
ii I do it -because- I like it.
iii Let us wait here -till- the rain stops.
iv You cannot be a lawyer -unless you have a law degree.
v That was years -and- years ago.
2. a. Write a situational dialogue between a Red Cross Volunteer and an earthquake victim. 10 marks
(refer Step By Step text, page123 )
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers –many, more, fewest, much, most 5 marks
There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China. The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia. Much research is conducted on this.
3. a. Due to recent floods in Nellore, some of the families became refugees and were in the care of your voluntary service organization. Write a Report on the situation and the help extended to them. 10 marks
Report of the Voluntary Service Organization on the help extended to Flood Victims
Nellore:
This is a report on the help extended to the Flood victims recently in Nellore by the Voluntary Services Organization.
Several areas in and around Nellore were affected by floods. Mypadu was severely affected due to the flood. The people in the affected area became homeless and some of the people lost their lives. Many of them were affected with water born diseases. Many people were starving for basic requirements like food, clothes and shelter. Media covered this entire scene and telecasted on the televisions. As a result many government organizations and Red Cross organizations came forward and extended a helping hand.
Thousands of local palm thatch homes were swept away by the storm and infrastructure was damaged to a great extent. Power lines were down, roads flooded and communication links were severed in many areas. Many people in the near by areas were evacuated and were provided shelter in safer places. The cyclone shelters built by the Red Cross Organization in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa rescued these people. This saved many lives by preventing people from epidemic diseases.
The Voluntary Service Organization Operations unit started to help the victims of the recent floods. Priorities were given to people with injuries and food water and shelter were provided to the thousands of people who were homeless. It was run by Students Volunteer Organization who tried to help as many victims as possible. They all joined their hands with government officials in helping the victims by shifting those victims to the safer places first. As many people as possible were helped get insurance for their houses and reconstruction of their houses at the earliest.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles. 5 marks
i He left __x___ home without informing anyone.
ii There is -a- box of sweets on -the- table
iii Do you need -a- degree in Economics or -the- degree in finance to be a better manager?
iv When we arrived, she went straight to -the kitchen- and started to prepare x meal for us.
v He has a cut on his leg and a bruise on the chin.
4. a. Write an essay in about 400- 500 words on “Advantages and disadvantages of Vegetarian and non-vegetarian food” 10m
Ethical:
Food has a major role to play in our fitness. Researchers have repeatedly proved that healthy food is the main key to good health. By healthy food, it means the food that is nutritious and full of essential vitamins and minerals. Green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits are the best reserves of vital nutrients that safeguard our body against many diseases. Most importantly, water is the most essential requirement of our body. Be sure to drink at least eight to ten glasses of water daily to make our self plump and soft.
Before moving further, let us get started with some important foods that will not only make us healthy, but will also make one look young and radiant. Beans, pumpkin, oranges, and yoghurt are few of the many vegetarian foods that are sure to give us an endless aura. After all, ravishing beauty is what that comes from within. One can surely enhance one’s outer looks by expensive make-ups, but what and how he/she eats reflect the real beauty.
No specific food is responsible for specific health ailments. These super foods give a wide coverage for a variety of ailments including diabetes, cancer, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. They also help us to keep a check on your weight and make one look beautiful and glowing.
Let us take a look at some other super foods. Animal food is rich in proteins and proteins all know help in the wear and tear of our body. Fish, eggs, and animal meat keep one in a great shape.
Both diets are healthy if done correctly. And the pros and cons for each are probably similar. Meat is rich in protein, iron, vitamin B1 and niacin. Non-vegetarian food is a good source of excellent protein.
One of the advantages to the vegetarian diet is that it tends to be low in fat and cholesterol. As a result, a vegetarian diet can help one avoid heart problems and even cancer. However, one may also find that he/she is missing some important vitamins and minerals on a strictly vegetarian diet.
Advantages of vegetarian foods are:
• They are easily chewable, especially for the elderly who have lost their teeth.
• Many elderly feel that vegetarian food is more easily digestible.
• Vegetarian foods are cheaper than non-vegetarian foods.
• Some vegetables can be eaten raw preventing the loss of nutrients while cooking.
• Vegetarian foods do not contain as much fat as non-vegetarian foods.
Thus, Vegetarians should take care to include soya beans, groundnuts, lentils, mushrooms and so on to get a sufficient supply of proteins.
Advantages of Non-Vegetarian foods are:
• Non-vegetarian foods are rich in protein of high biological value and in Vitamin B complex, especially B12 which is not available in plant foods.
• Fish, especially the small varieties are a rich source of calcium.
• Egg-white is good source of protein and easily digested.
The incidence of high BP, Heart disease, Obesity and high cholesterol levels is found to be greater among non-vegetarians. Elders who suffer from these problems should reduce the intake of fleshy foods in their diet. Egg-white and most varieties of fish contain less fat, but are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the decision depends on various factors such as cultural or dietary habits of the family, personal preference, taste and avoidance of certain foods for health reasons. Whatever the case, a well-balanced diet supplying proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals should be taken.
b. Give the Synonyms of the following 5marks
Reduce, essential, conviction, summit, truce
1. Reduce: Decrease 2. Essential: Necessary 3.conviction: belief 4. Summit: peak 5. Truce: agreement
5. A. What are the factors that are helpful in preparing Power Point Presentation? Prepare a PPT in 6 slides about your favorite sports person. 10 marks
(Refer Step by Step page 179 to 181)
Slide -- 1
Slide --2
Slide --3
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions 5 marks
i His house looks -like- a temple
ii How many -of- the members will join the trip?
iii Don’t lean that ladder -against- the wall.
iv I don't usually feel tired -in- the morning.
v Have you heard anything -about- him yet?
6. a. Discuss in a situational dialogue with your friend the strategies that are helpful in eliminating stress. 10 marks.
Joshuva: Hi! Sagar. I hear your paper has been selected in International Seminar
for presentation. Congratulations!
Sagar: Thanks! Josh. It really is a great honour, and at the same time, a huge
challenge as well, especially with so many participants coming from all over the world. Frankly, I’m not sure I’ll be able to manage.
Joshuva: Don’t’t worry. If you prepare well you won’t feel nervous.
Sagar: Will you please help me giving some important tips to manage stress.
Joshuva: Why not, sure. First of all you jot the outline of your presentation on a
piece of paper.
Sagar: OK I will do that.
Joshuva: Don’t speak too fast or too slow. If you talk too fast, you risk the audience
not understanding what you are trying to say. If you talk too slow, your
audience might lose interest in what you are saying. Maintain a moderate
pace.
Sagar: Do you think I can manage well?
Joshuva: Be positive. Motivate yourself. Tell yourself things like- ‘I will make a
good presentation.’
Sagar: Ok dear. Thanks a lot. Is there anything else to help me manage my stress.
Joshuva: Last but not the least gather yourself together before presentation. Take a deep breath, and try to be relaxed and calm.
Sagar: Thanks a lot. I hope with these strategies I will definitely manage to do well without any stress.
Joshuva: All the Best. Take care. Bye.
Sagar: Thank. Bye.
b.Punctuate the given set of sentences. 5 marks
i. Did you go to School today?
ii. What a beautiful day!
iii. I like noodles, pizza, burger, etc.
iv. This is Suresh’s pen.
v. I don’t know your name.
7 a. What is the role of team work, motivation and commitment in the life of a sportsman? What is the importance of the above in a job ambience? 10 marks.
(Refer the dictated notes)
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate exclamations 5 marks
1 Wow! What a great game.
2. Ah! You came just in time
3. You won the competition. What an achievement!
4. Alas! I lost your pen. Ah! is it true?
8 a. You are the Chairman of NHAI. Write a letter responding to the appeal made by the ministry of road transportation about preventing the disruption of traffic on account of damages to road and bridges during natural disasters. 10marks
(Refer page 112 in Step by Step)
b. Match the words with phrases 5 marks
i. Easily (d) a) on the middle stump
ii. Stand (a) (b) on the wicket
iii. Applied (e) (c) into my body
iv. Bowl (c) (d) off the pads
v. Depending (b) (e) them to my batting
(1- d ,2- a, 3- e, 4- c, 5- b)
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
embedded systems
Monday, April 25, 2011
Selection Process of IIMS ( 2009-11)
Selection Process of IIMS ( 2009-11)
IIMA:
There were two rounds at the second stage of selection Process:
1. Essay writing (Total time allotted 10 minutes)
2. Personal Interview (15-40 minutes)
Few topics of Essay Writing
(1) Indian politicians need training in communication skills
(2) How other games were not eclipsed by Cricket
(3) 'Educational System is quelling creativity in Indian children'
(4) Indian women should take up their husbands' surname after marriage.
IIMB:
1. Group Discussion/case study (Around 20-25 minutes, number of people in the group 8-10). After GD summary of GD was asked to written in around 10 minutes.
2. Personal Interview
GD Topic/case:
1. In this financial crisis, should government bailout the companies by use taxpayer's money?
2. A Case study, which was based on Corporate Governance – Issues, Role of Independent Directors. The case was hinting towards Satyam story. There were 4-5 questions at the end like what are the recommendation, suggestion etc.
3. Should India allow Foreign University to operate in India (Should India open up in education)
IIMC:
1. Group Discussion (2 minutes to think and 10 minutes to discuss). After Group Discussion all the members were asked to summarize or were asked give their opinion within 1 Minute (Monologue)
2. Personal Interview
GD Topics:
1. 33% Reservation for woman in jobs. Should it be there?
2. Should Students recruit faculty members in the institutions?
3. Year 2025
4. There should be international men's day
5. Go Ahead, don't Wait for me
IIML:
1. Essay writing (20 Minutes)
2. Group discussion on the same topic as essay (20 Minutes in 300 words)
3. Personal Interview
GD/Essay Topic:
1. Education is the progressive discovery of our ignorance
2. He who knows being poor knows everything
3. Helping Hands are better than Praying Lips
4. Necessity is the mother of all inventions
IIM I:
1. Case study: written analysis (30 Minutes)
2. Case study Discussion (20 Minutes)- Number of people 9-12
3. Personal Interview
Sample Case study:
1. A person who's a programming wizard but he is not a team man and frequently scuffles with co-workers. One day he goes overboard, fights with a colleague and bunks an important client meeting. The manager is a simple guy, doesn't like to get into a fight, and finds this guy a pain in the neck. What should the manager do?
2. Case study about an innovation based organization, which is the market leader, and is facing challenges in the market due to competitions. What should be the action of the CEO? (Case study was about 150 word long)
3. Riya is, a conservative religious Christian girl who is attracted to army life. She marries her childhood friend – Praveen an army officer against the wishes of her parents. After some time, she realizes that army life is not so idealistic. She comes to know that her husband had an illicit affair when on posting in N-E. What should she do? Take divorce?
4. Amit and Bineet finished their graduation in commerce and history respectively from an ABC college. Amit is more intelligent and Bineet is a soft-spoken and well-mannered. They had good extracurricular. Amit was good in football and painting, played a crucial role in winning the state championship and reaching finals at national level in football. He also organized events. Bineet was good in mimicking and could mimic famous personalities. A street level mimicry artist. Both their fathers got retired and looking to them for financial supports. They both couldn't find job after graduation. With the help from a placement agency they secured jobs in Dubai. All went for six months after which they were being assigned menial jobs. Meanwhile they built a good rapport with the locals and the Asian community there. What should be their next step?
IIMK:
1. GD/Case Study (2-3 minutes to think and 15 minutes to discuss)_ Topics was in the form of case/article of 5-6 lines
2. Personal Interview
Sample GD/Cases:
1. There was a small write-up on :Indian men dressing in the western way. This is not even suitable to our climatic conditions. Men don't wear dhotis and kurtas as formal wear. Indian women, on the other hand, still wear saris formally. Indian men have a lot to learn from their female counterparts
2. Janki is working in BPO/ IT Company. She is now called julie. For her, 4th July is the Independence Day. Works when people are sleeping. No social life, identity, etc. This industry is killing the current generation of India?
3. A small write up about a person who is a perfectionist and how he affects his career.
IIM S:
1. Case study Discussion (5 minutes to think, 15 minutes to discuss)
2. Summary of case study (5 Minutes)
3. Personal Interview
Sample case study:
1. Mr Vijay is the commerce secretary and India's representative in WTO negotiaions..He has to side with either the European powers who are ready to cut down subsidies but oppose the use of genetically modified crops. There were some other domestic political issues to be taken care of also. How should he go about handling the situation?
2. Topic was based on Agriculture subsidy and Technology outsourcing for the government. Few intelligent decision was to be taken
3. Mr. Iyer has been delegated a responsibility of scheduling trains on time for one zone. But he found out that due to bad tracks, and improper maintenance of the engines, there are regular delays in the trains. Top management not happy with the performance and keeps forcing this issue on Mr. Iyer.What should Mr. Iyer do?
4. Mr X who is working in a company as the driver of the MD for over 15 years. He is very loyal and hard-working. Recently over last few months he stressed with too much of work and erratic working timing. One day after dropping MD at the airport in the late night he went back his home directly (Instead of putting the car back in the office as per rules). Coincidentally he met with a minor accident while going home and a police case is reported. What should MD do now?
at 2:59 AM 0 comments
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Exports grow fastest since Independence
India's exports surged 37.5% in 2010-11-their fastest annual growth since independence-despite a strong rupee and weak demand in developed markets, data released on 19th April, 2011 showed.
The country shipped goods worth $245.9 billion during the year as attempts to diversify markets and increase regional trade paid off. Exports surpassed the government's initial target of $200 billion. "This is the highest annual percentage growth in exports (in dollar terms)".
An emboldened government has set an export target of $450 billion for 2013-14. It will target a 25% rise in exports in the current fiscal. Exports in March added to $29.1 billion, highest for a single month so far. The base effect, however, contributed to a part of the rise.
Exports had fallen 3.5% in 2009-10 because of the global financial crisis.
Robust growth in exports and slower rise in imports helped the government contain trade deficit at $104 billion as against a worrying mid-year estimate of $130 billion.
Monday, April 25, 2011
Selection Process of IIMS ( 2009-11)
Selection Process of IIMS ( 2009-11)
IIMA:
There were two rounds at the second stage of selection Process:
1. Essay writing (Total time allotted 10 minutes)
2. Personal Interview (15-40 minutes)
Few topics of Essay Writing
(1) Indian politicians need training in communication skills
(2) How other games were not eclipsed by Cricket
(3) 'Educational System is quelling creativity in Indian children'
(4) Indian women should take up their husbands' surname after marriage.
IIMB:
1. Group Discussion/case study (Around 20-25 minutes, number of people in the group 8-10). After GD summary of GD was asked to written in around 10 minutes.
2. Personal Interview
GD Topic/case:
1. In this financial crisis, should government bailout the companies by use taxpayer's money?
2. A Case study, which was based on Corporate Governance – Issues, Role of Independent Directors. The case was hinting towards Satyam story. There were 4-5 questions at the end like what are the recommendation, suggestion etc.
3. Should India allow Foreign University to operate in India (Should India open up in education)
IIMC:
1. Group Discussion (2 minutes to think and 10 minutes to discuss). After Group Discussion all the members were asked to summarize or were asked give their opinion within 1 Minute (Monologue)
2. Personal Interview
GD Topics:
1. 33% Reservation for woman in jobs. Should it be there?
2. Should Students recruit faculty members in the institutions?
3. Year 2025
4. There should be international men's day
5. Go Ahead, don't Wait for me
IIML:
1. Essay writing (20 Minutes)
2. Group discussion on the same topic as essay (20 Minutes in 300 words)
3. Personal Interview
GD/Essay Topic:
1. Education is the progressive discovery of our ignorance
2. He who knows being poor knows everything
3. Helping Hands are better than Praying Lips
4. Necessity is the mother of all inventions
IIM I:
1. Case study: written analysis (30 Minutes)
2. Case study Discussion (20 Minutes)- Number of people 9-12
3. Personal Interview
Sample Case study:
1. A person who's a programming wizard but he is not a team man and frequently scuffles with co-workers. One day he goes overboard, fights with a colleague and bunks an important client meeting. The manager is a simple guy, doesn't like to get into a fight, and finds this guy a pain in the neck. What should the manager do?
2. Case study about an innovation based organization, which is the market leader, and is facing challenges in the market due to competitions. What should be the action of the CEO? (Case study was about 150 word long)
3. Riya is, a conservative religious Christian girl who is attracted to army life. She marries her childhood friend – Praveen an army officer against the wishes of her parents. After some time, she realizes that army life is not so idealistic. She comes to know that her husband had an illicit affair when on posting in N-E. What should she do? Take divorce?
4. Amit and Bineet finished their graduation in commerce and history respectively from an ABC college. Amit is more intelligent and Bineet is a soft-spoken and well-mannered. They had good extracurricular. Amit was good in football and painting, played a crucial role in winning the state championship and reaching finals at national level in football. He also organized events. Bineet was good in mimicking and could mimic famous personalities. A street level mimicry artist. Both their fathers got retired and looking to them for financial supports. They both couldn't find job after graduation. With the help from a placement agency they secured jobs in Dubai. All went for six months after which they were being assigned menial jobs. Meanwhile they built a good rapport with the locals and the Asian community there. What should be their next step?
IIMK:
1. GD/Case Study (2-3 minutes to think and 15 minutes to discuss)_ Topics was in the form of case/article of 5-6 lines
2. Personal Interview
Sample GD/Cases:
1. There was a small write-up on :Indian men dressing in the western way. This is not even suitable to our climatic conditions. Men don't wear dhotis and kurtas as formal wear. Indian women, on the other hand, still wear saris formally. Indian men have a lot to learn from their female counterparts
2. Janki is working in BPO/ IT Company. She is now called julie. For her, 4th July is the Independence Day. Works when people are sleeping. No social life, identity, etc. This industry is killing the current generation of India?
3. A small write up about a person who is a perfectionist and how he affects his career.
IIM S:
1. Case study Discussion (5 minutes to think, 15 minutes to discuss)
2. Summary of case study (5 Minutes)
3. Personal Interview
Sample case study:
1. Mr Vijay is the commerce secretary and India's representative in WTO negotiaions..He has to side with either the European powers who are ready to cut down subsidies but oppose the use of genetically modified crops. There were some other domestic political issues to be taken care of also. How should he go about handling the situation?
2. Topic was based on Agriculture subsidy and Technology outsourcing for the government. Few intelligent decision was to be taken
3. Mr. Iyer has been delegated a responsibility of scheduling trains on time for one zone. But he found out that due to bad tracks, and improper maintenance of the engines, there are regular delays in the trains. Top management not happy with the performance and keeps forcing this issue on Mr. Iyer.What should Mr. Iyer do?
4. Mr X who is working in a company as the driver of the MD for over 15 years. He is very loyal and hard-working. Recently over last few months he stressed with too much of work and erratic working timing. One day after dropping MD at the airport in the late night he went back his home directly (Instead of putting the car back in the office as per rules). Coincidentally he met with a minor accident while going home and a police case is reported. What should MD do now?
at 2:59 AM 0 comments
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Exports grow fastest since Independence
India's exports surged 37.5% in 2010-11-their fastest annual growth since independence-despite a strong rupee and weak demand in developed markets, data released on 19th April, 2011 showed.
The country shipped goods worth $245.9 billion during the year as attempts to diversify markets and increase regional trade paid off. Exports surpassed the government's initial target of $200 billion. "This is the highest annual percentage growth in exports (in dollar terms)".
An emboldened government has set an export target of $450 billion for 2013-14. It will target a 25% rise in exports in the current fiscal. Exports in March added to $29.1 billion, highest for a single month so far. The base effect, however, contributed to a part of the rise.
Exports had fallen 3.5% in 2009-10 because of the global financial crisis.
Robust growth in exports and slower rise in imports helped the government contain trade deficit at $104 billion as against a worrying mid-year estimate of $130 billion.
Wednesday, April 13, 2011
Problem solving
Problem-solving Skill
Problem-solving skill is beginning to be considered as a strategic tool nowadays.
Industries are spending a lot of time and money to promote the managerial skills,
technical skills and interpersonal skills of their employees. Problem-solving is one of the Problem-solving requires a range of critical thinking skills from identification,description and analysis to synthesis and evaluation. It also requires understanding of the theoretical principles and governing frameworks behind classification of the problem and application of the solution method. The students need to understand and be able to explain what it is that you are doing as you proceed to solve the problems. The common stages of problem solving are:
• Identification
• Classification
• Transformation
• Substitution and
• Comparison
Problem-solving exam questions are favoured in a range of disciplines from physics,
engineering and mathematics to architecture, law and linguistics (Exam. Wing,
University of Melbourne). In problem-solving questions the students may be asked to
propose and justify a course of action to address a specified situation, or to develop a reasoned explanation based on data analysis.
Problem-solving skill is beginning to be considered as a strategic tool nowadays.
Industries are spending a lot of time and money to promote the managerial skills,
technical skills and interpersonal skills of their employees. Problem-solving is one of the Problem-solving requires a range of critical thinking skills from identification,description and analysis to synthesis and evaluation. It also requires understanding of the theoretical principles and governing frameworks behind classification of the problem and application of the solution method. The students need to understand and be able to explain what it is that you are doing as you proceed to solve the problems. The common stages of problem solving are:
• Identification
• Classification
• Transformation
• Substitution and
• Comparison
Problem-solving exam questions are favoured in a range of disciplines from physics,
engineering and mathematics to architecture, law and linguistics (Exam. Wing,
University of Melbourne). In problem-solving questions the students may be asked to
propose and justify a course of action to address a specified situation, or to develop a reasoned explanation based on data analysis.
I B.tech II Sem I Mid Important Questions
1. Dialogue Writing
2. Formal Letter
3. Email
4. Short Essay
5. Meanings and own sentences
2. Formal Letter
3. Email
4. Short Essay
5. Meanings and own sentences
Thursday, April 7, 2011
Style and Tone
Style and Tone
Style and Tone are important to identify in a passage. Their identification helps in better understanding of the passage and also helps in solving related questions. Students often get confused between style and tone of a passage. Let us try and understand the difference.
Style
Of a passage is the way an author presents his thoughts or what mode/kind of writing does he use to convey his ideas. It can be descriptive, narrative, data driven etc. The style remains same throughout the passage. In simple words, style tells us ‘how’ a passage has been written. Following are two passages with different styles.
Passage-1
Last year I won $18,200 in cash and $800 in prize as a contestant on a now-defunct CBS-TV game show called “Now You See It.” I was a “good” contestant: tearful, swooning and avarice-driven. But now, 15 months later, I have flunked out as a bookkeeper. I can’t figure what happened to the winnings I eked out during eight shows, the bulk of which came when I answered this esoteric question: “ Who was Popeye’s hamburger-eating friend?” All know for sure is that it’s gone, and I’m back to living pay check to pay check. That’s why; it seems to me, the show would have been more aptly named. “Now You See It… Now You Don’t “- since the mullah that came my way has vanished much like magicians’ rabbits.
Style:
The author has used first person narration. Hence the style is Narrative.
Passage 2
There is always the danger of a specific type of pneumonia that may result from the inhalation of oily substances into the
lungs. For all of these reasons, nose and throat specialists warn against the introduction of medicinal preparations into the nose. It should be done only when definitely indicated and recommended by a physician for the treatment of some specific condition.
Equally useless are the mouthwashes, gargles and antiseptics urged by advertisers upon the public. These preparations may destroy germs in test tubes if given sufficient time. But none of them acts instantaneously, nor are they effective in the weak solutions that can be tolerated by the membranes of the nose and throat. Furthermore, only a very small proportion of the membranes of the nose and throat can possibly be reached by sprays and gargles.
Several other more or less universal home remedies proved valueless in our studies. Cathartics of various kinds, for example, have long figured in home treatment of colds, and are included in many of the advertised remedies. Fear of increasing that popularity prevented us from using it in our series of studies. Scientifically, there may be some basis, or perhaps excuse, for the use of alcohol in colds. It causes an increase in the blood flow to the skin, with a resultant feeling of warmth if one is wet and chilled. On the other hand, alcohol itself causes nasal congestion in some people; and many reliable studies have shown that its continuous or excessive use lowers resistance to pneumonia, the most serious complication of colds.
Style: The author has given a detailed description about the use of old and new remedies for curing common ailments. He quotes studies and investigations. Hence, the style is Descriptive.
Style and Tone are important to identify in a passage. Their identification helps in better understanding of the passage and also helps in solving related questions. Students often get confused between style and tone of a passage. Let us try and understand the difference.
Style
Of a passage is the way an author presents his thoughts or what mode/kind of writing does he use to convey his ideas. It can be descriptive, narrative, data driven etc. The style remains same throughout the passage. In simple words, style tells us ‘how’ a passage has been written. Following are two passages with different styles.
Passage-1
Last year I won $18,200 in cash and $800 in prize as a contestant on a now-defunct CBS-TV game show called “Now You See It.” I was a “good” contestant: tearful, swooning and avarice-driven. But now, 15 months later, I have flunked out as a bookkeeper. I can’t figure what happened to the winnings I eked out during eight shows, the bulk of which came when I answered this esoteric question: “ Who was Popeye’s hamburger-eating friend?” All know for sure is that it’s gone, and I’m back to living pay check to pay check. That’s why; it seems to me, the show would have been more aptly named. “Now You See It… Now You Don’t “- since the mullah that came my way has vanished much like magicians’ rabbits.
Style:
The author has used first person narration. Hence the style is Narrative.
Passage 2
There is always the danger of a specific type of pneumonia that may result from the inhalation of oily substances into the
lungs. For all of these reasons, nose and throat specialists warn against the introduction of medicinal preparations into the nose. It should be done only when definitely indicated and recommended by a physician for the treatment of some specific condition.
Equally useless are the mouthwashes, gargles and antiseptics urged by advertisers upon the public. These preparations may destroy germs in test tubes if given sufficient time. But none of them acts instantaneously, nor are they effective in the weak solutions that can be tolerated by the membranes of the nose and throat. Furthermore, only a very small proportion of the membranes of the nose and throat can possibly be reached by sprays and gargles.
Several other more or less universal home remedies proved valueless in our studies. Cathartics of various kinds, for example, have long figured in home treatment of colds, and are included in many of the advertised remedies. Fear of increasing that popularity prevented us from using it in our series of studies. Scientifically, there may be some basis, or perhaps excuse, for the use of alcohol in colds. It causes an increase in the blood flow to the skin, with a resultant feeling of warmth if one is wet and chilled. On the other hand, alcohol itself causes nasal congestion in some people; and many reliable studies have shown that its continuous or excessive use lowers resistance to pneumonia, the most serious complication of colds.
Style: The author has given a detailed description about the use of old and new remedies for curing common ailments. He quotes studies and investigations. Hence, the style is Descriptive.
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