key to lab ques

1.     1.      Define  VOWELS

The English alphabet is made up of 26 letters, and only five of them are vowels. But those five letters are extremely important. There is at least one vowel in almost every word of the English language, and each vowel can have many different sounds, depending on the letters surrounding it. There are 20 vowel sounds. Out of 20, there are 12 pure vowels and 8 diphthongs. The 12 pure vowels are subdivided into 5 long vowels and 7 short vowels.

Monophthongs : The 12 pure vowels are called Monophthongs. A monophthong (Greek monóphthongos^[1] from mónos "single" and phthóngos "sound") is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.

Diphthongs A Diphthong (pronounced /ˈdɪfθɒŋ/ or /ˈdɪpθɒŋ/;^[1] from Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally "two sounds" or "two tones"), also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most dialects of English, the words eye, hay, boy, low, and cowcontain diphthongs.

Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue doesn't move and only one vowel sound is heard in a syllable.  Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables, as in, for example, the English word re-elect, the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong.

Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds (phonemes

IPA	examples
ʌ	cup, luck
ɑ:	arm, father
æ	cat, black
e	met, bed
ə	away, cinema
ɜ:ʳ	turn, learn
ɪ	hit, sitting
i:	see, heat
ɒ	hot, rock
ɔ:	call, four
ʊ	put, could
u:	blue, food
aɪ	five, eye
aʊ	now, out
eɪ	say, eight
oʊ	go, home
ɔɪ	boy, join
eəʳ	where, air
ɪəʳ	near, here
ʊəʳ	pure, tourist

2. 1.      Expressions used for making, agreeing and disagreeing SUGGESTIONS

The following English words and expressions are all used to make suggestions and give advice to people.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. Why don't we go to the cinema?
2. Let's go to the cinema. What do you think?
3. How about going to the cinema?
4. How do you feel about seeing a film?
5. Fancy seeing a film?
6. I'd like to see a film. How about you?
7. We could always see a film.
8. Why not go and see a film?
9. Seeing a film's one idea.
10. It would be nice to see a film

should

"You should try to practise English."
"You shouldn't translate too much."

Why don't you

"Why don't you join an English club?"

ought to

"You ought to read more."

If I were you, I'd…

"If I were you, I'd watch more television."

*All these expressions are followed by a verb, without to. For example: "He should visit the Eiffel Tower." (Not "heshould to visit the Eiffel Tower.")

suggest and recommend

Either use a verb + ing
"I suggest visiting the Eiffel Tower." (We should all go.)

OR use that + a verb without to
"I suggest that you visit the Eiffel Tower." (I'm not going.)

OR use a noun
"I recommend the lasagne." (It's a very good dish to choose in this restaurant.)

advise

"I advise you to buy a good dictionary."

advice

Advice is an uncountable noun. This means that we can't say an advice. Instead, we say some advice or a piece of advice.

2.      "Let me give you some advice."

"She gave me a very useful piece of advice: to buy a good dictionary."

Speaking tip

Many people don't like getting advice if they haven't asked for it! To avoid giving the wrong impression, you can try some of these expressions:

"You could always…"

"Have you considered…"

"Perhaps we could…"

"Do you think it's a good idea to…"

 3. 1.      Expressions used for Apologizing and accepting APOLOGIES

Apologising

Everybody makes mistakes sometimes. When it happens we need a phrase to tell the other person how really sorry we are and stop them getting really angry. Here are ten phrases.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1.        Sorry.

2.        I'm (so / very / terribly) sorry.

3.        Ever so sorry.

4.        How stupid / careless / thoughtless of me.

5.        Pardon (me)

6.        That's my fault.

7.        Sorry. It was all my fault.

8.        Please excuse my (ignorance)

9.        Please don't be mad at me.

Please accept our (sincerest) apologies

4.  1.      Describe PLOSIVES and AFFRICATES 

Plosives

A plosive is formed by the complete obstruction of the vocal tract by the articulators. This obstruction is then released, allowing the air to "explode" out of the mouth.
When the air is blocked by the articulator, it begins to raise in pressure. Then, when the air is released, the high pressure air rushes out into the lower pressure area beyond the blockage. This results in a burst of air, signifiying a plosive. In the following diagram, the dots represent the pressure of the air. The higher pressure area have more dots per area, while the lower pressure areas have fewer dots per area.

AFFRICATES

An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesn't have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill). The English sounds spelt "ch" and "j" (transcribed [tʃ] and [dʒ] (or [tS] and [dZ] in SAMPA)), German and Italian z [ts] and Italian z [dz] are typical affricates. These sounds are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds,

5.1.      Expressions used for accepting and declining INVITATIONS 

Invitations can be expressed as a statement or a question.

I’d like to invite you to…

Would you like to join us…?

More formal would be:

We’d like to extend the invitation to (whom?)/ (to do what?)

Less formal would be:

What do you say? Do you want to join us?/ Can you join us?

       Regardless of whether you accept or decline, it’s polite to express interest and  

       appreciation:

      That sounds fun.

     That sounds interesting.

     Sounds fun! (less formal)

    Thank you/ thanks for thinking of me.

    Thank you/ thanks for asking.

    I appreciate the invitation. (more formal)

   To decline, it’s best to offer an excuse along with a short apology and/or request for a  

    future invitation. Consider the models you heard:  

    That sounds like fun. Can I take a rain check, though?

Thank you for thinking of me. At any other time, I’d love to. Unfortunately, this week is really very hectic. Thanks again for asking.